Certification terms: C
761 study terms starting with C.
761 terms
- CA/Browser ForumIndustry body of certificate authorities and browser/OS vendors that sets rules for publicly trusted certificates.Advanced
- Cable CertifierA test instrument that measures a cabling link against TIA/ISO category standards and produces pass/fail reports.Intermediate
- Cable ModemA modem that provides broadband Internet over a cable TV provider's coaxial network using DOCSIS.Foundational
- Cable TesterA tool that verifies continuity and correct pinouts on copper cables, detecting opens, shorts and miswires.Foundational
- Cache ScopeScope that stores responses keyed by request to avoid reprocessing repeated requests.Intermediate
- Caching StrategyPatterns for keeping a cache consistent with a database, such as cache-aside (lazy loading), write-through and write-behind.Intermediate
- CALCULATE FunctionThe DAX function that evaluates an expression in a modified filter context, adding, replacing or removing filters.Advanced
- Calculated ColumnA DAX column computed row by row at data refresh and stored in the model, usable in slicers, filters and axes.Intermediate
- Calculated Field (Tableau)A new Tableau field created from a formula using functions, operators and other fields.Foundational
- Calculated InsightMultidimensional metric defined in SQL or a builder on Data 360 data, such as customer lifetime value.Advanced
- Calculated TableA table created with a DAX expression evaluated at refresh, such as a date table from CALENDAR or CALENDARAUTO.Advanced
- Calculation GroupsA semantic model feature that applies reusable DAX logic (calculation items) to any measure, reducing measure proliferation.Advanced
- California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)California law, effective 2020 and amended by the CPRA, granting consumers privacy rights over personal information held by businesses.Foundational
- California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA)California state agency that implements and enforces the CCPA as amended by the CPRA.Intermediate
- California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA)2020 ballot initiative that amended and expanded the CCPA, effective January 2023.Intermediate
- Call Admission Control (CAC)Mechanisms that limit the number of voice or video calls on a network path so admitted calls keep acceptable quality.Intermediate
- Call AnalyticsA Teams admin center feature that shows per-user detailed information about each call and meeting, including devices and network.Intermediate
- Call Detail Record (CDR)A record generated for each call with details such as calling and called numbers, time, duration and disconnect cause.Foundational
- Call Forward Unregistered (CFUR)A CUCM forwarding setting that routes calls for a DN to an alternate destination, such as its PSTN number, when the device is unregistered.Intermediate
- Call HandlerA Unity Connection object that answers calls, plays greetings, accepts caller input and routes callers to other destinations.Intermediate
- Call ParkA feature that holds a call on a park number so it can be retrieved from any phone by dialing that number.Foundational
- Call PickupA feature that lets a user answer a call ringing on another phone within the same or another pickup group.Foundational
- Call Quality Dashboard (CQD)A Microsoft Teams tool that reports aggregated call and meeting quality across an organization for trend analysis.Intermediate
- Call RecordingCapturing the audio, and sometimes video and screen, of calls for compliance, quality or training purposes.Intermediate
- Call Signaling MarkingMarking SIP, SCCP, H.323 and other call control traffic as CS3 so it gets protected bandwidth without priority queuing.Intermediate
- Caller ID SpoofingFalsifying the calling number or name presented on a call to impersonate a trusted party or hide the caller.Foundational
- Calling and Called Party Transformation PatternCUCM patterns applied at egress or ingress via transformation CSSs to change number presentation, such as localizing +E.164 numbers.Advanced
- Calling Party NormalizationConverting incoming caller ID numbers into globalized +E.164 format so they can be redialed from call history from any location.Advanced
- Calling Search Space (CSS)An ordered list of partitions that a device or line is allowed to search when placing a call, controlling what it can dial.Foundational
- CALMS FrameworkA DevOps maturity model covering Culture, Automation, Lean, Measurement, and Sharing.Foundational
- CampaignStandard object for planning and tracking marketing initiatives such as events, emails and ads.Foundational
- Campaign InfluenceFeature attributing opportunity revenue to the campaigns that influenced it.Intermediate
- CAN-SPAM ActUS law setting rules for commercial email, including opt-out mechanisms and physical address disclosure.Foundational
- Canary DeploymentReleasing a new model to a small fraction of traffic first, then increasing gradually if metrics are healthy.Intermediate
- Candidate ConfigurationThe Junos working copy of the configuration edited in configuration mode, which becomes active only after commit.Foundational
- Candidate KeyAny minimal set of columns that could uniquely identify every row; one is chosen as the primary key.Intermediate
- Canonical Name Record (CNAME)A DNS record that makes one name an alias of another canonical name.Foundational
- CanonicalizationConverting data to its standard, simplest form before validating or using it.Intermediate
- CAP TheoremThe principle that a distributed data store can guarantee at most two of Consistency, Availability and Partition tolerance during a network partition.Intermediate
- Capability (SAFe)Higher-level solution behavior in SAFe Large Solution, typically spanning multiple ARTs and delivered in a PI.Advanced
- Capability MapHierarchical representation of an enterprise's business capabilities, often color-coded for assessment.Intermediate
- Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)Process improvement model defining maturity and capability levels from initial to optimizing.Intermediate
- CapacityThe amount of work a team can take on in an iteration given availability.Foundational
- Capacity PlanningForecasting the compute, storage, and network resources a service needs to meet demand and SLOs.Intermediate
- Capital Expenditure (CapEx)Up-front spending on physical assets such as servers and data centers, depreciated over their useful life.Foundational
- CAPTCHAA challenge-response test intended to distinguish humans from automated bots.Foundational
- Captive PortalA web page that intercepts a user's HTTP traffic and requires acceptance or login before granting access.Foundational
- Capture CardAn expansion card or external device that records or streams video from an external source.Foundational
- Capture the Flag (CTF)A security competition or training exercise in which participants solve challenges to find hidden 'flags'.Foundational
- Cardholder Data Environment (CDE)People, processes, and technology that store, process, or transmit cardholder data or sensitive authentication data, plus connected systems.Intermediate
- CardinalityIn observability, the number of unique time series created by the combinations of metric label values.Advanced
- Cardinality (Data Modeling)The number of instances of one entity that can relate to instances of another: one-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-many.Foundational
- Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)The 802.11 medium access method in which stations sense the medium and back off randomly before transmitting.Foundational
- Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)The media access method used by half-duplex Ethernet: listen before sending, detect collisions, and retry after a random backoff.Foundational
- Carrier-Grade NAT (CGNAT)Large-scale NAT performed by an ISP so many subscribers share a small pool of public IPv4 addresses.Intermediate
- Cartesian ProductThe set of all possible row pairings between two tables, produced by a cross join or a missing join condition.Intermediate
- CartridgePackage of code and data in B2C Commerce; the cartridge path determines lookup order.Intermediate
- CAS Latency (CL)The number of clock cycles between a memory read command and the data becoming available.Advanced
- CascadingLinking conference bridges or media nodes together so one meeting spans multiple servers or locations.Advanced
- Cascading Referential ActionForeign key options (CASCADE, SET NULL, SET DEFAULT, NO ACTION, RESTRICT) that define what happens to child rows when a parent row changes.Intermediate
- CaseStandard object tracking a customer question, issue or feedback through resolution.Foundational
- Case (ServiceNow CSM)CSM record (sn_customerservice_case) tracking a customer issue or request through resolution.Foundational
- CASE ExpressionSQL's conditional expression, which returns a value based on the first WHEN condition that is true.Foundational
- Case FanA fan mounted in a computer chassis to move air through the system and remove heat.Foundational
- CAST FunctionThe ANSI SQL function that explicitly converts a value to another data type: CAST(expression AS type).Foundational
- cat CommandA Linux/macOS command that displays or concatenates file contents.Foundational
- Catalog Client ScriptClient script that runs on catalog item or variable set forms to manipulate variables.Intermediate
- Catalog ItemOrderable good or service in the Service Catalog with variables, price and fulfillment process.Foundational
- Catalog Task (SCTASK)Fulfillment task (sc_task) created under a requested item for a group or person to complete.Foundational
- Catalog UI PolicyUI policy applying to catalog variables to make them mandatory, visible or read-only.Intermediate
- Catalyst OptimizerSpark SQL's extensible optimizer, which turns logical plans into optimized physical plans using rule-based and cost-based optimization.Advanced
- Catastrophic ForgettingWhen fine-tuning on new data causes a model to lose previously learned capabilities.Advanced
- Categorical Color PaletteA set of distinct hues for unordered categories, without implying magnitude or order.Intermediate
- Categorical DataQualitative data that place observations into groups (nominal or ordinal) rather than measuring quantities.Foundational
- Category 5e Cable (Cat 5e)Enhanced Category 5 UTP rated to 100 MHz, supporting 1000BASE-T and 2.5GBASE-T up to 100 meters.Foundational
- Category 6 Cable (Cat 6)UTP or STP rated to 250 MHz, supporting 1 Gbps to 100 m and 10GBASE-T up to about 55 m.Foundational
- Category 6A Cable (Cat 6a)Augmented Category 6 cable rated to 500 MHz, supporting 10GBASE-T to the full 100 meters.Foundational
- Category 8 Cable (Cat 8)Shielded twisted-pair cable rated to 2000 MHz, supporting 25GBASE-T and 40GBASE-T up to 30 meters.Intermediate
- Causality ChainIn Cortex XDR, the sequence of related processes and events from the root cause to the alert, shown in the Causality View.Advanced
- CBESTThe Bank of England's intelligence-led penetration testing framework for UK financial institutions and critical market infrastructure.Advanced
- cd CommandA command that changes the current working directory in Linux, macOS, and Windows shells.Foundational
- CensysAn internet-wide scanning and search platform for hosts, services and certificates.Intermediate
- Center for Enablement (C4E)Cross-functional team that drives reuse, best practices and self-service for API delivery across an organization.Intermediate
- Center of Excellence (HR) (COE)HR domain such as Payroll, Benefits or Employee Relations, implemented as an HR case table with its own access.Intermediate
- Central Limit Theorem (CLT)The theorem that the distribution of sample means approaches a normal distribution as sample size grows, regardless of the population's shape.Intermediate
- Central Processing Unit (CPU)The main processor that fetches, decodes, and executes program instructions in a computer.Foundational
- Central SwitchingForwarding client data through a CAPWAP tunnel to the controller, which bridges it to the wired network.Intermediate
- Central Web Authentication (CWA)A guest flow where the RADIUS server redirects clients to its own portal and then uses CoA to grant access.Advanced
- Centralized Call ProcessingA deployment model in which one CUCM cluster at headquarters controls phones at all branch sites across the WAN.Intermediate
- Centralized Control PolicyA Cisco SD-WAN policy applied on the SD-WAN Controller that manipulates OMP routes and TLOCs to shape the overlay topology.Advanced
- Centrally-Routed Bridging (CRB)An EVPN-VXLAN design in which inter-VXLAN routing gateways are located on spine (or dedicated gateway) devices.Advanced
- Certificate AuthorityTrusted entity that verifies identities and issues, signs, and revokes digital certificates.Foundational
- Certificate Authority Proxy Function (CAPF)A CUCM service that issues, upgrades and deletes Locally Significant Certificates on Cisco IP phones.Advanced
- Certificate Lifecycle Management (CLM)Processes and tools to discover, issue, deploy, renew, and revoke certificates across an organization.Intermediate
- Certificate LifetimeThe validity period of a certificate, between its notBefore and notAfter dates.Intermediate
- Certificate Manager (certmgr.msc)A Windows console for viewing and managing the current user's certificates.Intermediate
- Certificate of DestructionA document from a disposal vendor confirming that media or devices were destroyed or sanitized.Foundational
- Certificate PinningAssociating a host with an expected certificate or public key so other valid-looking certificates are rejected.Advanced
- Certificate Revocation List (CRL)CA-signed list of serial numbers of certificates that have been revoked before their expiration date.Foundational
- Certificate Signing Request (CSR)Message sent to a CA containing a public key and subject information, signed with the requester's private key.Foundational
- Certificate Transparency (CT)Public, append-only logs of issued TLS certificates that let anyone monitor which certificates exist for a domain.Intermediate
- Certificate Trust List (CTL)A CUCM file of trusted server certificates that enables mixed mode for encrypted and authenticated phone signaling and media.Advanced
- Certificate-Based Authentication (CBA)Authenticating a user or device by proving possession of the private key matching a trusted certificate.Intermediate
- Certification AuditIndependent third-party audit by an accredited certification body to certify a management system, such as ISO/IEC 27001.Intermediate
- Certification Practice Statement (CPS)Document describing how a CA operates and implements its certificate policy.Advanced
- Certified Third-Party Assessment Organization (C3PAO)Organization authorized by the Cyber AB to conduct CMMC Level 2 certification assessments.Intermediate
- ChaCha20-Poly1305AEAD algorithm combining the ChaCha20 stream cipher with the Poly1305 authenticator, standardized in RFC 8439.Advanced
- chageThe Linux command that views and sets password aging policy for a user account.Intermediate
- Chain of CustodyDocumentation that records every person who handled evidence, when, why and how, from collection to presentation.Foundational
- Chain of TrustSequence of certificates from an end-entity certificate through intermediates to a trusted root CA.Foundational
- Chain-of-Thought Prompting (CoT)Prompting a model to reason step by step before giving a final answer.Intermediate
- Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)PPP authentication protocol using a three-way challenge-response with a hash of a shared secret.Intermediate
- Change Advisory Board (CAB)Group that reviews and advises on authorizing changes; ServiceNow provides a CAB Workbench to manage meetings.Foundational
- Change AuthorityPRINCE2 person or group delegated by the Project Board to approve requests for change or off-specifications within limits.Intermediate
- Change Conflict DetectionServiceNow feature identifying scheduling conflicts for changes against blackout windows, maintenance windows and other changes on the same CIs.Advanced
- Change Control Board (CCB)A formally constituted group responsible for reviewing, evaluating, approving, deferring, or rejecting changes to the project.Foundational
- Change Data Capture (CDC)Feature publishing change events for record creates, updates, deletes and undeletes so external systems stay in sync in near real time.Advanced
- Change Data Capture (Data Engineering) (CDC)Identifying and capturing row-level inserts, updates and deletes in a source so only changes are propagated downstream.Intermediate
- Change Data Feed (CDF)A Delta Lake feature that records row-level inserts, updates and deletes between table versions so downstream jobs can process only changes.Advanced
- Change EnablementThe ITIL 4 practice (formerly change management) of maximizing successful IT changes by assessing risk, authorizing, and scheduling them.Foundational
- Change Failure Rate (CFR)A DORA metric measuring the percentage of deployments that cause a failure in production requiring remediation.Foundational
- Change LogA comprehensive list of changes submitted during the project and their current status.Foundational
- Change ManagementITSM process controlling the lifecycle of changes to minimize risk and disruption.Foundational
- Change Management PlanComponent of the project management plan establishing the change control board, its authority, and how change control will be administered.Intermediate
- Change of Authorization (CoA)RADIUS extension (RFC 5176) allowing the server to change or terminate an active session.Advanced
- Change Request (CR)A formal proposal to modify a document, deliverable, or baseline.Foundational
- Change SetA CloudFormation preview of the changes a stack update will make, which can be reviewed before execution.Intermediate
- Change StrategyBABOK output describing the approach to move from current to future state, including solution scope, transition states, and release planning.Advanced
- Changed Block Tracking (CBT)A hypervisor feature that records which disk blocks changed since a point in time so backups copy only changed blocks.Advanced
- Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)Signaling carried within or tied to each voice channel, such as robbed-bit signaling on a T1.Intermediate
- Channel BondingCombining adjacent 20 MHz channels into 40, 80, 160, or 320 MHz channels for higher data rates.Intermediate
- Channel ManagerInternal user who owns partner accounts and manages partner relationships.Advanced
- Channel Reuse PlanAn assignment of channels to APs so neighbors use different channels and same-channel APs are separated.Intermediate
- Channel SoundingThe exchange used to measure the RF channel to compute beamforming steering matrices.Advanced
- Channel State Information (CSI)Detailed per-subcarrier amplitude and phase data describing how a channel affects a signal.Advanced
- Channel UtilizationThe percentage of time a channel is busy, measured by an AP's radio.Intermediate
- Channel WidthThe amount of spectrum a Wi-Fi channel occupies: 20, 40, 80, 160, or 320 MHz.Foundational
- Chaos EngineeringThe discipline of experimenting on a system by injecting controlled failures to build confidence in its resilience.Intermediate
- ChargebackAllocating and internally billing cloud costs to the business units or teams that consumed the resources.Foundational
- Chart of Accounts (COA)Structured list of all accounts used in an organization's general ledger.Foundational
- Chart SelectionMatching the chart to the task: bar to compare, line for trends, histogram or box plot for distributions, scatter for relationships.Foundational
- ChartjunkUnnecessary or distracting decoration in charts, such as 3-D effects, heavy patterns or clip art, that doesn't convey data.Foundational
- Chasm TrapAn error that occurs when two fact tables are joined through a shared dimension, multiplying rows and overstating measures from both.Advanced
- chattrA Linux command that sets extended filesystem attributes, such as immutable (+i) or append-only (+a), on files.Advanced
- Check ConstraintA rule that limits the values a column can accept to those that satisfy a Boolean expression.Intermediate
- Check DigitExtra digit calculated from other digits of a number to detect transcription and transposition errors.Intermediate
- Check ModeAnsible's dry-run mode (--check) that reports what would change without making changes, often combined with --diff.Intermediate
- Check SheetA structured form for collecting data in real time at the location where it is generated.Foundational
- CheckovAn open-source IaC static analysis tool (from Prisma Cloud by Palo Alto Networks) that scans Terraform, CloudFormation, Kubernetes, Helm, Dockerfiles and more.Intermediate
- Checkpoint ReportPRINCE2 progress report from a Team Manager to the Project Manager on a work package.Intermediate
- CheckpointingPersisting a streaming query's progress (offsets) and state to durable storage so it can recover after failure.Advanced
- ChecksumA value calculated over data so the receiver can detect corruption in transit.Foundational
- ChefAn agent-based configuration management tool (now Progress Chef) that uses Ruby-based recipes and cookbooks.Foundational
- Chi-Square Test (χ²)A test for categorical data: goodness of fit (observed vs expected frequencies) or independence (association between two categorical variables).Intermediate
- Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)Senior executive responsible for the organization's information security strategy, program, and risk communication.Foundational
- Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA)US law requiring verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children under 13 online.Intermediate
- ChipsetMotherboard logic that manages communication between the CPU and peripherals such as storage, USB, and expansion slots.Intermediate
- chkdskA Windows command that checks a volume's file system and can repair errors and locate bad sectors.Foundational
- chmodThe Linux command that changes file and directory permission bits using symbolic or octal notation.Foundational
- Choice ListField type presenting predefined options stored in the sys_choice table.Foundational
- Choice RouterRouter that sends the event down the first route whose condition is true, or the default route.Foundational
- Choropleth MapA map that shades geographic regions by a data value.Intermediate
- chownThe Linux command that changes the user and/or group owner of files and directories.Foundational
- Chroma SubsamplingReducing color resolution relative to brightness to save bandwidth, written as 4:4:4, 4:2:2 or 4:2:0.Intermediate
- ChromeOSGoogle's lightweight, cloud-focused operating system for Chromebooks.Foundational
- chronyThe default NTP implementation on modern Linux that synchronizes the system clock with time servers.Intermediate
- ChunkingSplitting documents into smaller passages before embedding them for retrieval.Intermediate
- CI ClassTable in the CMDB class hierarchy, such as cmdb_ci_server or cmdb_ci_linux_server, defining attributes and identification rules for a type of CI.Intermediate
- CI Class ManagerCMDB tool for viewing and managing CI classes, attributes, identification rules and health settings.Intermediate
- CI RelationshipLink between two CIs with a type such as Runs on::Runs or Depends on::Used by, stored in cmdb_rel_ci.Intermediate
- CI/CD PipelineAn automated sequence of stages that takes code from commit through build, test, and deployment.Foundational
- CIA TriadThe three core goals of information security: confidentiality, integrity, and availability.Foundational
- CipherAn algorithm that performs encryption and decryption.Foundational
- Cipher Block Chaining (CBC)Block cipher mode in which each plaintext block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before encryption.Intermediate
- Cipher SuiteNamed combination of algorithms used by TLS for key exchange, authentication, bulk encryption, and hashing.Intermediate
- CiphertextThe unreadable, encrypted output of a cipher that requires the correct key to decrypt.Foundational
- Circuit SwitchingA method that reserves a dedicated communication path for the duration of a session.Foundational
- CIS BenchmarksConsensus-based secure configuration guides for operating systems, cloud platforms, applications, and devices.Foundational
- CIS Critical Security Controls (CIS Controls)Prioritized set of 18 cybersecurity safeguard groups from the Center for Internet Security.Foundational
- CIS Implementation Groups (IG)Three tiers (IG1, IG2, IG3) prioritizing CIS Controls safeguards by organizational risk and resources.Intermediate
- CISA Zero Trust Maturity Model (ZTMM)CISA framework describing zero trust progress across five pillars and four maturity stages.Advanced
- Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI)Cisco's software-defined data center fabric using Nexus 9000 spine-leaf switches centrally managed by APIC through application policies.Intermediate
- Cisco Catalyst 9800 Series Wireless Controller (C9800)Cisco's IOS XE-based wireless controller family, available as appliances, VM (9800-CL), and embedded options.Intermediate
- Cisco Catalyst CenterCisco's enterprise network controller and assurance platform, formerly Cisco DNA Center, with northbound Intent REST APIs.Intermediate
- Cisco Catalyst SD-WANCisco's software-defined WAN solution (formerly Viptela) with separate management, control, orchestration and data planes.Intermediate
- Cisco CleanAirCisco AP hardware-based spectrum analysis that identifies and classifies RF interference sources.Intermediate
- Cisco Collaboration Flex PlanCisco's subscription licensing for collaboration that covers calling, meetings and contact center in the cloud, on premises or hybrid.Foundational
- Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)Cisco-proprietary Layer 2 protocol that advertises device identity, platform, addresses, VLAN and capabilities to directly connected neighbors.Foundational
- Cisco Emergency Responder (CER)A Cisco application that tracks phone locations and routes 911 calls with the correct callback and location information.Advanced
- Cisco Express Forwarding (CEF)Cisco's default topology-based switching mechanism using a precomputed FIB and adjacency table for fast forwarding.Intermediate
- Cisco ExpresswayCisco's collaboration edge gateway that provides secure firewall traversal, remote access, B2B video and interworking.Foundational
- Cisco FinesseCisco's browser-based agent and supervisor desktop for UCCX and UCCE, with gadgets for call control and business apps.Intermediate
- Cisco Identity Services Engine (Cisco ISE)Cisco's policy and NAC platform providing RADIUS and TACACS+ AAA, profiling, posture, and guest access.Intermediate
- Cisco IntersightCisco's SaaS-based infrastructure management platform for UCS servers, HyperFlex, Nexus and third-party systems.Intermediate
- Cisco IOS XECisco's Linux-based modular operating system for enterprise routers and switches such as Catalyst 8000 and 9000, running IOS as a daemon.Foundational
- Cisco IOS XRCisco's service provider operating system for platforms such as ASR 9000, NCS and 8000 series, with a commit-based configuration model.Intermediate
- Cisco JabberCisco's legacy unified communications client for chat, presence, voice and video with on-premises CUCM and IM&P.Foundational
- Cisco Meeting Server (CMS)Cisco's on-premises software conferencing platform that hosts audio, video and web meetings in spaces.Intermediate
- Cisco Network Services Orchestrator (NSO)Cisco's model-driven, multivendor network orchestration platform that uses YANG service models and network element drivers.Advanced
- Cisco NX-OSCisco's data center network operating system for Nexus switches and MDS storage switches.Intermediate
- Cisco Room KitA family of Cisco video conferencing systems for meeting rooms, combining codec, cameras, microphones and speakers.Foundational
- Cisco SD-Access (SDA)Cisco's campus fabric using a LISP control plane, VXLAN data plane and TrustSec group policy, managed by Catalyst Center.Advanced
- Cisco Smart LicensingCisco's cloud-based licensing model in which products register to Smart Software Manager and report license consumption.Foundational
- Cisco SpacesCisco's cloud indoor location and IoT services platform, formerly Cisco DNA Spaces.Advanced
- Cisco TelePresence Management Suite (TMS)A legacy Cisco platform for scheduling, managing and monitoring on-premises video endpoints and infrastructure.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Border Element (CUBE)Cisco's IOS XE session border controller that connects CUCM and Webex Calling to SIP trunk providers and other SIP networks.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager (CUCM)Cisco's on-premises enterprise call control platform that registers endpoints and handles dial plan, features and media resources.Foundational
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express (CME)IOS-based call control that runs on Cisco ISR routers for small sites, providing phone registration and PBX features.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager Group (CM Group)An ordered list of up to three CUCM nodes that tells devices which server to register to first and which to use for failover.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager PublisherThe first node in a CUCM cluster, holding the read-write master copy of the configuration database.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Communications Manager SubscriberA CUCM cluster node that holds a replicated database copy and typically performs call processing, TFTP or music on hold.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS)Cisco's data center server platform that unifies compute, networking and storage access with policy-based, stateless management.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Contact Center Enterprise (UCCE)Cisco's large-scale on-premises contact center with distributed routing, peripheral gateways, CVP and enterprise reporting.Advanced
- Cisco Unified Contact Center Express (UCCX)Cisco's on-premises contact center for small to midsize deployments, integrated with CUCM and offering ACD, IVR and reporting.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Customer Voice Portal (CVP)Cisco's VXML-based IVR and call control platform used with UCCE for self-service and network queuing.Advanced
- Cisco Unified IM and Presence (IM&P)Cisco's on-premises instant messaging and presence service that integrates with CUCM and uses XMPP for clients.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified Intelligence Center (CUIC)Cisco's web-based reporting platform for contact center real-time and historical reports and dashboards.Intermediate
- Cisco Unified ServiceabilityThe CUCM web interface for activating services, configuring traces, alarms and reporting tools on each node.Foundational
- Cisco Unity Connection (CUC)Cisco's on-premises voicemail, unified messaging and IVR platform that integrates with CUCM and other call control systems.Foundational
- CitationIndividual requirement or section within an authority document.Intermediate
- CitationsReferences in a model's answer that link claims to the specific source passages that support them.Intermediate
- Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS)US shared spectrum at 3550-3700 MHz managed by Spectrum Access Systems in three tiers.Intermediate
- Citrix Delivery ControllerThe Citrix server component that brokers connections, manages VDA registrations and communicates with the hypervisor and site database.Intermediate
- Citrix Provisioning (PVS)A Citrix technology that streams a single shared vDisk image to many target devices over the network at boot.Advanced
- Citrix StoreFrontThe Citrix component that authenticates users and presents the stores of applications and desktops they are entitled to.Intermediate
- Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops (CVAD)Citrix's platform for delivering virtual desktops and published applications, available on-premises or as Citrix DaaS.Intermediate
- Claims AdministrationProcess of documenting, processing, monitoring, and managing contested changes and disputes between buyer and seller.Advanced
- Clark-Wilson ModelCommercial integrity model using well-formed transactions and separation of duties to protect data.Advanced
- Class A AddressAn IPv4 address with first octet 1-126 (leading bit 0) and a default mask of 255.0.0.0 (/8).Foundational
- Class B AddressAn IPv4 address with first octet 128-191 (leading bits 10) and a default mask of 255.255.0.0 (/16).Foundational
- Class C AddressAn IPv4 address with first octet 192-223 (leading bits 110) and a default mask of 255.255.255.0 (/24).Foundational
- Class D AddressAn IPv4 address in the 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 range (224.0.0.0/4), reserved for multicast groups.Foundational
- Class ImbalanceA dataset where one class is far more frequent than others, which can bias models toward the majority class.Intermediate
- Class of Service (CoS)The 3-bit Priority Code Point in the 802.1Q tag used for Layer 2 QoS marking (IEEE 802.1p).Foundational
- Class Selector (CS)DSCP values CS0-CS7 (multiples of 8) that preserve backward compatibility with 3-bit IP Precedence.Intermediate
- Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ)A queuing method that guarantees minimum bandwidth to user-defined traffic classes during congestion.Intermediate
- Classes of ServicePolicies that define how different types of work items are treated in a Kanban system.Advanced
- Classful AddressingThe original IPv4 scheme that divided the address space into fixed classes A through E based on the leading bits.Foundational
- Classic EncryptionFree feature providing encrypted custom text fields (up to 175 characters) masked for users without View Encrypted Data.Intermediate
- ClassificationA supervised learning task that predicts which discrete category or class an input belongs to.Foundational
- Classification and MarkingIdentifying traffic (by ACL, NBAR, DSCP, interface) and writing a QoS value into the packet so later devices can act on it.Foundational
- Classification ThresholdThe probability cutoff above which a classifier predicts the positive class.Intermediate
- Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)The addressing scheme (RFC 4632) that replaced classful addressing by allowing any prefix length and route aggregation.Foundational
- ClaudeAnthropic's family of large language models, available in Opus, Sonnet and Haiku tiers.Foundational
- Claude Agent SDKAnthropic's SDK, built on the Claude Code agent harness, for building custom agents in Python or TypeScript.Advanced
- Claude CodeAnthropic's agentic coding tool that works in the terminal, IDEs, desktop and web to read, edit and run code.Intermediate
- Claude Messages APIAnthropic's primary API for sending a conversation of messages to Claude and receiving a response.Intermediate
- CLAUDE.mdA Markdown file of persistent project or user instructions that Claude Code loads into context automatically.Intermediate
- ClauseA numbered section of the 802.11 standard; PHYs are often referenced by clause number.Advanced
- Clean BootStarting Windows with only Microsoft services and no third-party startup items to isolate software conflicts.Intermediate
- Clean CoreSAP strategy of keeping the ERP core close to standard by building extensions on released APIs or on SAP BTP.Intermediate
- Clean InstallInstalling an operating system on a freshly formatted drive without preserving existing apps or settings.Foundational
- Clear Channel Assessment (CCA)The physical carrier-sense function that determines whether the medium is busy.Advanced
- Clear CMOSResetting stored firmware settings to factory defaults, usually by jumper, button, or removing the battery.Intermediate
- Clear to Send-to-Self (CTS-to-Self)A CTS frame addressed to the sender itself, used to set NAV with less overhead than RTS/CTS.Advanced
- ClearPathCisco's set of media resilience techniques for video, including FEC, rate adaptation and long-term reference frames.Advanced
- ClickjackingTricking a user into clicking something different from what they perceive by overlaying a transparent framed page.Foundational
- Client CertificateCertificate issued to a user or device to authenticate it to a server or network.Intermediate
- Client ID EnforcementPolicy requiring API consumers to pass a valid client ID and secret from an approved contract.Foundational
- Client Matter Code (CMC)A CUCM feature that prompts users for a code on outbound calls so call charges can be billed to clients or projects.Intermediate
- Client ScriptBrowser-side script running on forms in response to onLoad, onChange, onSubmit or onCellEdit events.Intermediate
- Client SteeringInfrastructure techniques that encourage clients to roam to a better AP or band.Intermediate
- Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP)FIDO protocol for communication between a client device and an external authenticator over USB, NFC, or Bluetooth.Advanced
- Client-Server ModelA model in which centralized servers provide resources and services to client devices.Foundational
- Client-Side ValidationInput checks performed in the browser or mobile app before data is sent to the server.Foundational
- ClientMatchHPE Aruba Networking feature that steers clients to the optimal AP and band using 802.11v and other methods.Advanced
- CLIPContrastive Language-Image Pre-training: OpenAI's model that embeds images and text into a shared vector space.Advanced
- ClippingDistortion that occurs when a signal exceeds the maximum level a device can reproduce, flattening the waveform peaks.Foundational
- Clock SpeedThe rate at which a CPU core executes cycles, measured in gigahertz (GHz).Foundational
- CloneCreating a local copy of a remote Git repository, including its full history and a remote named origin.Foundational
- Clone Exclude RuleRule specifying tables whose data is not copied during a clone; preserver rules keep target data.Advanced
- Clos NetworkA multistage non-blocking switching topology, the theoretical basis for spine-leaf and multi-tier data center fabrics.Advanced
- Close Project or PhaseProcess of finalizing all activities for the project, phase, or contract.Foundational
- Closest Match RoutingThe CUCM rule that selects the pattern matching the fewest possible numbers among all patterns the caller's CSS can reach.Intermediate
- Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB)Security policy enforcement point between users and cloud services that provides visibility, compliance, data security and threat protection.Intermediate
- Cloud ArmorGoogle Cloud network security service providing WAF and DDoS protection for applications behind Google load balancers.Intermediate
- Cloud Audit LogsGoogle Cloud logs recording administrative actions and data access for each project, folder and organization.Intermediate
- Cloud AuditorIndependent party that assesses cloud services for security controls, privacy impact, performance and compliance.Intermediate
- Cloud Billing AccountGoogle Cloud account that pays for usage of linked projects and holds budgets, alerts and billing exports.Foundational
- Cloud BurstingHybrid pattern where an application runs on premises and overflows to public cloud capacity when demand spikes.Intermediate
- Cloud ComposerGoogle Cloud's fully managed Apache Airflow service for orchestrating workflows across Google Cloud and external systems.Intermediate
- Cloud ComputingDelivery of on-demand computing resources such as servers, storage, databases and software over a network with pay-as-you-go pricing.Foundational
- Cloud Connected PSTN (CCP)A Webex Calling PSTN option in which a Cisco-certified provider connects directly to the Webex cloud, with no on-premises gateway.Intermediate
- Cloud Controls Matrix (CCM)Cloud Security Alliance cybersecurity control framework for cloud computing, mapped to major standards and regulations.Intermediate
- Cloud ForensicsForensic investigation of incidents in cloud environments, relying on provider logs, snapshots and APIs.Advanced
- Cloud Foundry EnvironmentBTP runtime environment based on open-source Cloud Foundry for polyglot application development.Intermediate
- Cloud Infrastructure Entitlement Management (CIEM)Discipline and tools that manage identities and permissions in cloud environments to enforce least privilege.Advanced
- Cloud InterconnectGoogle Cloud private connectivity from on-premises networks through Dedicated Interconnect, Partner Interconnect or Cross-Cloud Interconnect.Intermediate
- Cloud Key Management Service (Cloud KMS)Google Cloud service for managing symmetric and asymmetric encryption keys, including HSM-backed and external keys.Intermediate
- Cloud Load BalancingGoogle Cloud's fully distributed load balancing family, including global and regional Application and Network Load Balancers.Intermediate
- Cloud MisconfigurationIncorrect or insecure setting of a cloud resource, such as public storage or overly permissive access, that creates security risk.Foundational
- Cloud NATGoogle Cloud managed, software-defined network address translation for outbound connectivity from resources without external IPs.Intermediate
- Cloud OnRampCisco Catalyst SD-WAN features that optimize access to SaaS, IaaS and colocation by probing paths and extending the fabric into cloud providers.Advanced
- Cloud PortabilityAbility to move applications and data between cloud providers or between cloud and on premises with minimal rework.Intermediate
- Cloud Route TableSet of rules in a virtual network that determines where traffic from subnets or gateways is directed.Intermediate
- Cloud RunGoogle Cloud fully managed serverless platform that runs stateless containers and scales automatically, including to zero.Foundational
- Cloud Run FunctionsGoogle Cloud's event-driven FaaS offering, formerly called Cloud Functions, now running on Cloud Run infrastructure.Foundational
- Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM)Tools that continuously assess cloud configurations against best practices and compliance frameworks to detect and fix misconfigurations.Intermediate
- Cloud Service Broker (CSB)Intermediary that aggregates, integrates or customizes cloud services from multiple providers on behalf of customers.Intermediate
- Cloud Service Customer (CSC)Party that has a business relationship with a cloud provider to use its cloud services.Foundational
- Cloud Service Provider (CSP)Organization that offers cloud computing services such as IaaS, PaaS or SaaS to customers.Foundational
- Cloud Services LayerThe Snowflake layer that coordinates authentication, infrastructure, metadata, query parsing and optimization, access control and the result cache.Intermediate
- Cloud SQLGoogle Cloud fully managed relational database service for MySQL, PostgreSQL and SQL Server.Foundational
- Cloud Storage (GCS)Google Cloud's unified object storage service with strong consistency and region, dual-region or multi-region bucket locations.Foundational
- Cloud Storage ClassesGoogle Cloud Storage classes: Standard, Nearline, Coldline and Archive, priced by access frequency.Foundational
- Cloud Video Interop (CVI)A Microsoft-certified service that lets SIP and H.323 video endpoints join Microsoft Teams meetings.Intermediate
- Cloud VPNGoogle Cloud service connecting on-premises or other cloud networks to a VPC through IPsec tunnels over the internet.Intermediate
- Cloud WitnessA failover cluster quorum witness that uses an Azure Storage account blob as a tie-breaking vote.Intermediate
- Cloud Workload Protection Platform (CWPP)Security solution protecting workloads such as VMs, containers and serverless functions across hybrid and multicloud environments.Intermediate
- cloud-initThe industry-standard tool for initializing cloud instances at first boot using user data.Intermediate
- Cloud-Managed WirelessA WLAN architecture in which APs are configured and monitored through a cloud service rather than an on-premises controller.Foundational
- Cloud-NativeApproach to building applications that fully exploit cloud capabilities through microservices, managed services, automation and elasticity.Foundational
- Cloud-Native Application Protection Platform (CNAPP)Unified platform combining CSPM, CWPP, CIEM and code-to-cloud security to protect cloud-native applications across their lifecycle.Advanced
- CloudFormation StackA collection of AWS resources created and managed as a single unit from a CloudFormation template.Intermediate
- CloudFront Origin Access Control (OAC)CloudFront feature that restricts access to an S3 origin so content is served only through the distribution.Advanced
- CloudHub 2.0MuleSoft's fully managed, containerized iPaaS runtime plane for deploying Mule apps as replicas.Intermediate
- CloudWatch AlarmCloudWatch feature that watches a metric or expression and changes state (OK, ALARM, INSUFFICIENT_DATA) to trigger actions.Intermediate
- CloudWatch LogsCloudWatch capability for collecting, storing, searching and analyzing log data from AWS services, applications and hosts.Intermediate
- Cluster AutoscalerA Kubernetes component that adds nodes when pods cannot be scheduled and removes underutilized nodes.Intermediate
- Cluster ListAn optional non-transitive BGP attribute listing the cluster IDs of route reflectors a route has passed through.Advanced
- Cluster QuorumThe voting mechanism a failover cluster uses to decide whether enough nodes are communicating to keep running and avoid split-brain.Intermediate
- Cluster SamplingDividing the population into clusters (such as schools or stores), randomly selecting whole clusters, and sampling everyone (or a sample) within them.Intermediate
- Cluster Shared Volume (CSV)A Windows failover cluster storage feature that lets all nodes read and write the same NTFS or ReFS volume simultaneously.Advanced
- Clustered IndexAn index that determines the physical order in which table rows are stored, so the table itself becomes the index's leaf level.Intermediate
- ClusteringAn unsupervised task that groups similar data points together so items in a cluster are more alike than items in other clusters.Foundational
- Clustering DepthThe average number of overlapping micro-partitions for given column values; lower depth means better clustering.Advanced
- Clustering KeyOne or more columns or expressions designated to co-locate similar rows in the same micro-partitions of a large Snowflake table, improving pruning.Advanced
- Clustering over the WANA CUCM deployment model that places cluster nodes at different sites, requiring a maximum of 80 ms round-trip delay between servers.Advanced
- CMDB Data ManagerTool for defining policies that retire, archive or delete stale CIs in a governed lifecycle.Advanced
- CMDB HealthDashboard and metrics measuring CMDB completeness, correctness (duplicates, orphans, staleness) and compliance.Intermediate
- CMMC AffirmationAnnual statement in SPRS by an Affirming Official that the contractor continues to meet its CMMC level requirements.Advanced
- CMMC Asset CategoriesScoping categories for CMMC Level 2: CUI Assets, Security Protection Assets, Contractor Risk Managed Assets, Specialized Assets, and Out-of-Scope Assets.Advanced
- CMMC Conditional StatusTemporary CMMC status allowing award when a limited set of requirements remains on a POA&M to be closed within 180 days.Advanced
- CMMC Level 1CMMC level for contractors handling only FCI, requiring the 15 FAR 52.204-21 safeguarding requirements and an annual self-assessment.Intermediate
- CMMC Level 2CMMC level for contractors handling CUI, requiring the 110 NIST SP 800-171 Rev. 2 requirements.Intermediate
- CMMC Level 3Highest CMMC level, requiring Level 2 certification plus 24 selected NIST SP 800-172 requirements assessed by DIBCAC.Advanced
- CMOS BatteryA coin-cell battery (usually CR2032) on the motherboard that powers the real-time clock and firmware settings.Foundational
- Co-Channel Interference (CCI)Performance loss when nearby BSSs on the same channel must defer to each other's transmissions.Intermediate
- CoalesceTransform map setting marking fields used to match incoming rows to existing records for update instead of insert.Intermediate
- COALESCE FunctionA function that returns the first non-NULL argument in its list.Foundational
- Coaxial CableA cable with a central conductor, dielectric insulator, metallic shield and outer jacket, used for cable TV, cable Internet and legacy Ethernet.Foundational
- Cobalt StrikeA commercial adversary simulation framework whose Beacon payload is widely abused by real attackers for command and control.Advanced
- COBITISACA framework for governance and management of enterprise information and technology.Intermediate
- COBIT Design FactorsEleven factors in COBIT 2019 that influence how an enterprise tailors its governance system.Advanced
- COBIT Management DomainsFour COBIT management domains: Align, Plan and Organize; Build, Acquire and Implement; Deliver, Service and Support; Monitor, Evaluate and Assess.Intermediate
- Code CoverageThe percentage of code executed by automated tests, measured by lines, branches, or functions.Foundational
- Code InjectionA flaw in which input is evaluated as application code by the interpreter, such as through eval or dynamic includes.Intermediate
- Code ObfuscationTransforming code to make it harder to read and reverse engineer while preserving its behavior.Intermediate
- Code ReviewSystematic examination of source code changes by peers to find defects, improve quality, and share knowledge.Foundational
- Code SigningDigitally signing software so users and systems can verify its publisher and that it has not been modified.Foundational
- Code Signing CertificateCertificate used to digitally sign software so users can verify its publisher and integrity.Intermediate
- Code Signing TimestampA trusted timestamp applied to a code signature so it remains valid after the signing certificate expires.Advanced
- CodecA coder-decoder algorithm that converts analog audio or video to compressed digital form and back.Foundational
- CODEOWNERSA GitHub/GitLab file that maps paths in a repository to individuals or teams who are automatically requested to review changes.Intermediate
- CodeQLGitHub's semantic code analysis engine that queries code like data to find security vulnerabilities, used for code scanning.Intermediate
- Coding RateThe ratio of data bits to total transmitted bits after error-correction coding.Intermediate
- Coding StandardXP practice of agreeing to common coding conventions so the code looks as if one person wrote it.Intermediate
- Coefficient of Variation (CV)The standard deviation divided by the mean, often given as a percentage, used to compare variability across datasets with different scales.Intermediate
- Cognitive Project Management for AI (CPMAI)Vendor-neutral, data-centric, iterative methodology for running AI and machine learning projects, now offered by PMI as PMI-CPMAI.Intermediate
- Cohort AnalysisGrouping users by a shared starting event or period, such as signup month, and tracking their behavior over time.Intermediate
- Cold SiteAn alternate facility with basic infrastructure such as power and space but no ready equipment or data.Foundational
- Cold StartExtra latency when a serverless platform must initialize a new execution environment before handling a request.Intermediate
- Collaborative FilteringRecommending items based on the preferences of similar users or similarity between items in interaction data.Intermediate
- Collaborative ForecastingSalesforce forecasting feature that rolls up opportunity amounts or quantities through the forecast hierarchy.Intermediate
- Collapsed CoreA two-tier design in which the core and distribution layers are combined in the same devices.Intermediate
- Collect RequirementsProcess of determining, documenting, and managing stakeholder needs and requirements to meet objectives.Foundational
- Collective Code OwnershipXP practice in which any team member can change any part of the codebase.Intermediate
- CollisionTwo devices transmitting on a shared medium at the same time, corrupting both signals.Foundational
- Collision DomainA network segment where frames can collide with one another; every switch port is its own collision domain.Foundational
- ColocationPlacing many or all active team members in the same physical location to enhance teamwork.Foundational
- Color TemperatureA measure in kelvin of the color characteristics of light, from warm (lower K) to cool (higher K).Intermediate
- Colorado Artificial Intelligence ActColorado law (SB 24-205) requiring developers and deployers of high-risk AI systems to use reasonable care to avoid algorithmic discrimination.Advanced
- ColumnA named attribute of a table with a defined data type that every row stores a value (or NULL) for; also called a field.Foundational
- Column AliasA temporary name given to a column or expression in a query's result using AS.Foundational
- Column CardinalityThe number of distinct values in a column; high cardinality means many unique values.Intermediate
- Column-Level EncryptionEncrypting specific database columns so sensitive fields remain protected even from users with table access.Intermediate
- Column-Level SecurityRestricting access to specific columns, for example through column GRANTs, masking policies or object-level security.Intermediate
- Columnar StorageStoring each column's values together on disk rather than storing whole rows, which speeds analytic scans and improves compression.Intermediate
- Columnstore IndexA SQL Server and Azure SQL index that stores data column by column in compressed segments for fast analytic scans.Advanced
- Comfort Noise Generation (CNG)Synthesizing low-level background noise during silence periods so listeners do not think the call has dropped.Intermediate
- Command and Control (C2)Infrastructure and channels attackers use to communicate with and control compromised systems.Intermediate
- Command InjectionInjecting operating system commands through an application input that is passed to a system shell.Intermediate
- Command Prompt (cmd)The traditional Windows command-line interpreter.Foundational
- Commercial EmailEmail whose primary purpose is promoting a product or service; must honor opt-outs.Foundational
- Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0)NSA's quantum-resistant algorithm suite and transition timeline for US national security systems.Advanced
- CommitA snapshot of tracked changes in a Git repository, with an author, message, timestamp, and pointer to its parent commit(s).Foundational
- COMMIT StatementThe TCL command that makes all changes in the current transaction permanent and visible to other sessions.Foundational
- Commitment-Based DiscountLower cloud pricing in exchange for committing to a level of usage or spend over a term, typically 1 or 3 years.Intermediate
- Committed Information Rate (CIR)The average rate a provider guarantees or a policer/shaper enforces, in bits per second.Foundational
- Committed Use Discounts (CUD)Google Cloud discounts for committing to resource quantities or spend for 1 or 3 years.Intermediate
- Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)MITRE's catalog of common attack patterns describing how adversaries exploit known weaknesses.Intermediate
- Common Cause VariationNatural, inherent variation in a stable process due to many small random factors.Intermediate
- Common Channel Signaling (CCS)Signaling sent on a separate dedicated channel shared by all bearer channels, such as the ISDN D channel or SS7.Intermediate
- Common ControlSecurity or privacy control inherited by multiple systems and provided by an organizational entity.Intermediate
- Common Criteria (CC)International standard (ISO/IEC 15408) for evaluating the security of IT products against defined requirements.Advanced
- Common Event Format (CEF)A standardized text-based log format developed by ArcSight for interoperable security event reporting.Advanced
- Common Information Model (CIM)Splunk's shared semantic model that normalizes field names across data sources into standard data models.Intermediate
- Common Service Data Model (CSDM)ServiceNow's prescriptive framework of CMDB classes and relationships for modeling services across products.Intermediate
- Common Table Expression (CTE)A named temporary result set defined with WITH that can be referenced in the statement that follows.Intermediate
- Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)A public dictionary of unique identifiers for publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities.Foundational
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)An open standard for rating the severity of vulnerabilities on a 0.0 to 10.0 scale, maintained by FIRST.Foundational
- Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE)A community-developed catalog of software and hardware weakness types, maintained by MITRE.Intermediate
- Communication ChannelsThe number of potential communication paths among project stakeholders: n(n - 1) / 2.Foundational
- Communication MethodsThe approaches for sharing information: interactive, push, and pull.Foundational
- Communication ModelModel describing how information is exchanged between sender and receiver, including encoding, transmitting, decoding, acknowledging, and feedback.Intermediate
- Communication PlanThe part of the IR plan defining who is notified, how, when and by whom during an incident.Foundational
- Communications Management PlanComponent of the project management plan describing how, when, and by whom information will be administered and disseminated.Foundational
- Community CloudDeployment model where infrastructure is shared by several organizations with common concerns such as mission or compliance.Foundational
- Community StringA shared password-like string used for access control in SNMPv1 and SNMPv2c, sent in clear text.Intermediate
- Compact LayoutLayout defining the key fields shown in a record's highlights panel and in mobile record cards.Foundational
- CompandingCompressing and then expanding signal amplitude, as with mu-law and A-law in G.711, to improve quiet-speech quality.Intermediate
- CompartmentOCI logical container for organizing and isolating cloud resources for access control, quotas and cost tracking.Foundational
- Compensating ControlAlternative control used when a primary control cannot be implemented, providing equivalent risk reduction.Intermediate
- Compiler Hardening FlagsCompiler and linker options that add exploit mitigations and stricter checks to built binaries.Advanced
- Compiling Software from SourceBuilding a program from its source code, typically using configure, make and make install.Intermediate
- Complementary Code Keying (CCK)The 8-chip coding used by 802.11b HR-DSSS to reach 5.5 and 11 Mbps.Advanced
- Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)Battery-backed memory that stores BIOS/UEFI settings and keeps the real-time clock running.Foundational
- Complementary User Entity Controls (CUEC)Controls a service organization assumes its customers will implement for the overall control objectives to be met.Intermediate
- Complete MediationDesign principle that every access to every object must be checked for authorization every time.Intermediate
- Complete Sequence Number PDU (CSNP)An IS-IS PDU listing all LSPs in a router's database, used to synchronize databases.Advanced
- Completion ActionAction that runs when a prospect completes a specific asset interaction such as submitting a form or clicking a link.Intermediate
- ComplianceConforming to laws, regulations, contracts, standards, and internal policies.Foundational
- Compliance PolicyAn MDM rule set that evaluates whether a device meets security requirements such as encryption, OS version, and passcode.Intermediate
- Compliance ReviewReview of a project's adherence to the architecture, conducted at defined checkpoints.Advanced
- Compliance TestingAudit testing to determine whether controls are being applied in compliance with policies and procedures.Foundational
- Compliance-Based Penetration TestingPenetration testing performed to satisfy a regulatory or standards requirement, such as PCI DSS or FedRAMP.Intermediate
- Composite ActionA GitHub Action that bundles multiple workflow steps into a single reusable action defined in action.yml with runs.using: composite.Advanced
- Composite APIREST resources that execute multiple subrequests in a single call, including dependent requests and sObject trees.Advanced
- Composite IndexAn index built on two or more columns, ordered by the first column, then the second, and so on.Intermediate
- Composite KeyA key made of two or more columns that together uniquely identify a row.Intermediate
- Composite ModelA Power BI model that combines storage modes, such as Import and DirectQuery tables, or that chains to other published semantic models.Advanced
- Composite SLAOverall availability of a solution calculated by multiplying the SLAs of the dependent services it uses.Intermediate
- Compressed AirCanned or electric blower air used to remove dust from computers and peripherals.Foundational
- Compressed Real-time Transport Protocol (cRTP)Header compression that reduces the 40-byte IP/UDP/RTP header to 2 to 4 bytes on slow point-to-point WAN links.Advanced
- CompTIA Troubleshooting MethodologyCompTIA's six-step process: identify the problem, theorize, test, plan and implement, verify, and document.Foundational
- Compute Engine (GCE)Google Cloud IaaS service for creating and running virtual machines on Google's infrastructure.Foundational
- Computer ManagementA Windows console (compmgmt.msc) that groups Event Viewer, Device Manager, Disk Management, Services, and more.Foundational
- Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC)A precision cooling unit using a refrigerant compressor to cool data center air; contrasted with a CRAH, which uses chilled water.Intermediate
- Computer Telephony Integration (CTI)Integration between telephony systems and computer applications to control calls and share call data with software.Intermediate
- Computer UseA capability that lets a model operate a computer interface by viewing screenshots and issuing mouse and keyboard actions.Advanced
- Computer-Assisted Audit Techniques (CAAT)Tools and techniques using computers to automate audit procedures such as data extraction and analysis.Intermediate
- Concentration RiskRisk from heavy dependence on a single vendor, provider, region, or technology whose failure would have outsized impact.Advanced
- Concept DriftA change in the relationship between inputs and the target variable over time.Intermediate
- Conceptual Data ModelA high-level model that shows the main business entities and their relationships, without attributes or technical detail.Foundational
- ConcernInterest of a stakeholder in an architecture that is important to them, such as performance, security or cost.Intermediate
- Concurrent Session UsageAn indicator where the same account has simultaneous active sessions from different devices or locations.Foundational
- Condenser MicrophoneA sensitive microphone that uses a charged diaphragm and backplate capacitor, requiring phantom power or a battery.Foundational
- Condition BuilderUI for constructing filter conditions with AND/OR logic used in lists, reports, rules and flows.Foundational
- Conditional AccessMicrosoft Entra ID policy engine that grants, blocks or restricts access based on signals such as user, device, location and risk.Intermediate
- Conditional ProbabilityThe probability of an event given that another event has occurred: P(A|B) = P(A and B) / P(B).Intermediate
- Conditional TrustA switch QoS setting that trusts endpoint markings only when a specific device, such as a Cisco IP phone, is detected via CDP.Intermediate
- Conduct ProcurementsProcess of obtaining seller responses, selecting a seller, and awarding a contract.Intermediate
- Cone of UncertaintyConcept that estimate uncertainty is greatest early in a project and narrows as information is gained.Intermediate
- Conference BridgeA media resource that mixes audio, and sometimes video, from three or more participants into one conference.Foundational
- Confidence CoefficientProbability that a sample result correctly represents the population, such as 95 percent.Advanced
- Confidence Interval (CI)A range computed from sample data that, under repeated sampling, would contain the true population parameter a stated percentage of the time.Intermediate
- Confidence LevelAn assessment of how reliable an intelligence finding or indicator is, based on source reliability and corroboration.Intermediate
- Confidential ComputingProtection of data in use by performing computation in hardware-based, attested trusted execution environments.Advanced
- ConfidentialitySecurity goal ensuring information is disclosed only to authorized people, processes, or systems.Foundational
- ConfigMapA Kubernetes object that stores non-confidential configuration data as key-value pairs for pods to consume.Foundational
- Configuration DriftDivergence between the actual configuration of a system and its intended, documented, or code-defined state.Intermediate
- Configuration Item (CI)Any component that must be managed to deliver a service, such as a server, application, database or business service.Foundational
- Configuration ManagementMaintaining systems in a known, consistent desired state by automating the configuration of operating systems, software, and settings.Foundational
- Configuration Management Database (CMDB)Repository of configuration items and their relationships that underpins ServiceNow ITSM, ITOM and other workflows.Foundational
- Configuration Management PlanComponent of the project management plan describing how to identify, account for, and control versions of configurable items.Intermediate
- Configuration ProfileA set of settings pushed by an MDM to configure features like Wi-Fi, VPN, email, restrictions, and certificates.Intermediate
- Configuration TemplateCisco SD-WAN Manager construct (feature and device templates, now configuration groups) that standardizes device configuration with variables.Advanced
- Configure, Price, Quote (CPQ)Software that guides sellers to configure products, apply pricing rules and generate accurate quotes.Intermediate
- Conflict ManagementApproaches to resolving disagreements: withdraw/avoid, smooth/accommodate, compromise/reconcile, force/direct, and collaborate/problem-solve.Foundational
- Conformed DimensionA dimension shared with consistent keys, attributes and meaning across multiple fact tables or data marts.Intermediate
- Confounding VariableA variable that influences both the supposed cause and the effect, creating a spurious association.Intermediate
- Confusion and DiffusionShannon's two properties of secure ciphers: hide the key-ciphertext relationship and spread plaintext influence across ciphertext.Advanced
- Confusion MatrixA table comparing predicted classes with actual classes, showing true/false positives and negatives.Foundational
- Congestion ControlTCP algorithms that adjust the sending rate based on signs of network congestion such as packet loss or delay.Intermediate
- Connected AppFramework that lets external applications integrate with Salesforce using OAuth, SAML or OpenID Connect with access policies.Intermediate
- Connected RouteA route automatically installed for the subnet of an interface that is up/up and has an IP address.Foundational
- Connection BrokerThe VDI component that authenticates users and assigns them to available desktops or published applications.Intermediate
- Connection PoolingReusing a pool of open database connections across requests instead of opening a new connection each time.Intermediate
- Connection-Oriented CommunicationCommunication in which a session is established before data transfer and delivery is tracked with acknowledgments.Foundational
- Connectionless CommunicationCommunication in which each message is sent independently with no session setup, acknowledgments or delivery guarantee.Foundational
- ConnectorReusable Mule component that connects to an external system or protocol, such as Salesforce, Database, HTTP, File or JMS.Foundational
- Consensus Assessments Initiative Questionnaire (CAIQ)CSA questionnaire of yes/no questions based on the Cloud Controls Matrix for assessing cloud providers.Intermediate
- ConsentFreely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous indication of agreement to processing of personal data.Foundational
- Consent Management Platform (CMP)Tool that collects, records, and enforces user consent and preferences for cookies, tracking, and data processing.Intermediate
- Consistency (ACID)The ACID property that a transaction takes the database from one valid state to another, respecting all constraints and rules.Foundational
- Console PortA serial management port on network devices that provides direct command-line access without network connectivity.Foundational
- Consolidated BillingAWS Organizations feature that combines all member accounts' charges into one bill paid by the management account.Foundational
- Constant-Voltage Audio DistributionA loudspeaker system using 70 V or 100 V lines with transformer taps so many speakers can share one amplifier channel.Intermediate
- Constitutional AI (CAI)Anthropic's method for training harmless, helpful models using a written set of principles and AI-generated feedback.Intermediate
- Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)A lightweight REST-like UDP protocol (RFC 7252) for constrained IoT devices, secured with DTLS or OSCORE.Advanced
- Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF)A modified SPF that prunes links not meeting constraints (bandwidth, affinity, SRLG) before computing a path.Advanced
- ConstraintA limiting factor that affects the execution of a project, program, portfolio, or process.Foundational
- Consumer (ServiceNow CSM)Individual B2C customer record in CSM not tied to a business account.Intermediate
- Consumer GroupA set of consumers that share the work of reading a topic, with each partition assigned to one consumer in the group.Advanced
- Consumption-Based PricingPricing model where customers pay only for the cloud resources they actually use, also called pay-as-you-go.Foundational
- ContactStandard object for an individual associated with an account.Foundational
- Contact (ServiceNow CSM)External user belonging to a customer account in CSM, with roles such as customer or customer_admin.Foundational
- Contact BuilderMarketing Cloud tool for managing contacts, data designer relationships and attribute groups.Intermediate
- Contact Center as a Service (CCaaS)A cloud-delivered contact center platform providing routing, IVR, agent desktop and analytics on a subscription basis.Foundational
- Contact ClosureA simple control method that opens or closes a dry electrical contact, used for screens, lifts, shades and sensors.Foundational
- Contact Service Queue (CSQ)A UCCX queue that holds contacts and selects agents based on resource skills or resource groups.Intermediate
- Contacts to Multiple AccountsFeature allowing a contact to be related to more than one account through indirect account-contact relationships.Intermediate
- ContainerA lightweight, isolated runtime environment that packages an application with its dependencies and shares the host operating system kernel.Foundational
- Container EscapeBreaking out of a container's isolation to gain access to the host or other containers.Advanced
- Container ImageAn immutable, layered package containing an application, its runtime, libraries, and configuration, used to create containers.Foundational
- Container Image HardeningBuilding container images with minimal contents, non-root users and no secrets to reduce attack surface.Intermediate
- Container Image ScanningScanning container images for vulnerable OS packages and libraries, misconfigurations, secrets and malware before and after deployment.Intermediate
- Container Network Interface (CNI)A CNCF specification and plugin model for configuring network interfaces for containers, used by Kubernetes for pod networking.Intermediate
- Container RegistryA service that stores and distributes container images, such as Docker Hub, Amazon ECR, Azure Container Registry, Google Artifact Registry, Quay, or Harbor.Foundational
- Container RuntimeThe software that runs containers on a host, such as containerd, CRI-O, or the low-level runc.Intermediate
- Container Runtime Interface (CRI)A Kubernetes gRPC API that lets the kubelet use any compliant container runtime.Intermediate
- Container Storage Interface (CSI)A standard API that lets storage vendors write plugins to expose block and file storage to container orchestrators.Advanced
- containerdA CNCF graduated, industry-standard container runtime that manages image transfer, storage, and container execution.Intermediate
- ContainmentThe incident response phase that limits the spread and impact of an incident while preserving evidence.Foundational
- Content FilteringAutomatically detecting and blocking harmful categories of content in AI inputs and outputs.Foundational
- Content LibraryA vSphere feature that stores and distributes VM templates, OVF packages, ISOs and scripts across vCenter instances.Intermediate
- Content Security Policy (CSP)An HTTP response header that tells browsers which sources of scripts, styles and other content are allowed, mitigating XSS and data injection.Intermediate
- Content Security Policy Trusted SiteSetting that allows Lightning components to load resources or connect to specified third-party URLs.Intermediate
- Content SharingSending a presentation, screen or document as a separate stream in a meeting, wired or wirelessly.Foundational
- Contention Window (CW)The range from which a station randomly selects its backoff value; it grows after failed transmissions.Advanced
- Context CompactionSummarizing or pruning earlier conversation content so a long-running agent stays within its context window.Advanced
- Context DiagramA scope model showing a system and the external entities that interact with it, with inputs and outputs.Foundational
- Context EngineeringDesigning and managing everything placed in a model's context window to maximize task performance.Advanced
- Context FilterA Tableau filter promoted to run before other filters, creating an independent subset that later filters, Top N and FIXED LODs work against.Advanced
- Context TransitionThe DAX behavior in which CALCULATE, or a measure reference, converts the current row context into an equivalent filter context.Advanced
- Context WindowThe maximum number of tokens (input plus output) a model can consider in a single request.Foundational
- Context-Aware AuthenticationAuthentication that evaluates contextual signals such as location, device, time, and behavior.Intermediate
- Contextual RetrievalPrepending chunk-specific context, generated from the whole document, to each chunk before embedding and indexing.Advanced
- Contingency PlanA predefined response to implement if a risk trigger occurs.Intermediate
- Contingency ReserveTime or money allocated in the baseline for identified risks with planned responses ('known-unknowns').Foundational
- Continual Improvement ModelITIL 4's seven-step model for structured improvement at all levels.Foundational
- Continued PretrainingFurther self-supervised training of a foundation model on large unlabeled domain data.Advanced
- Continuity of Operations Planning (COOP)A US federal government term for planning that ensures essential functions continue during a wide range of emergencies.Intermediate
- Continuous AuditingPerforming audit procedures on an automated, frequent, or real-time basis.Intermediate
- Continuous Automated Red Teaming (CART)Automated, ongoing simulation of attacker reconnaissance and attack paths against an organization's external attack surface.Advanced
- Continuous BatchingAn LLM serving technique that adds and removes requests from the running batch at each generation step.Advanced
- Continuous Control Monitoring (CCM)Automated, ongoing testing of controls using system data to identify failures quickly.Intermediate
- Continuous DataQuantitative data that can take any value within a range, such as height, time or temperature.Foundational
- Continuous Delivery (CD)The practice of keeping software always in a releasable state, with every change automatically built, tested, and deployable to production on demand.Foundational
- Continuous Delivery PipelineSAFe workflows, activities, and automation needed to move new functionality from ideation to on-demand release.Advanced
- Continuous DeploymentThe practice of automatically releasing every change that passes all pipeline stages to production without human intervention.Foundational
- Continuous Integration (CI)The practice of merging code changes into a shared branch frequently, with each change automatically built and tested.Foundational
- Continuous Integration SecurityProtecting CI/CD systems, runners, secrets and pipeline definitions from tampering and misuse.Intermediate
- Continuous MonitoringMaintaining ongoing awareness of security, vulnerabilities, and threats to support risk decisions.Intermediate
- Continuous Presence (CP)A conference layout that shows multiple participants on screen at once, such as a grid or active speaker plus thumbnails.Foundational
- Continuous Training (CT)Automatically retraining and redeploying models on new data on a schedule or when drift is detected.Intermediate
- ContractA Cisco ACI policy object that defines which traffic is permitted between provider and consumer EPGs using subjects and filters.Advanced
- Contract TypesCategories of agreements that allocate risk between buyer and seller: fixed-price, cost-reimbursable, and time and materials.Foundational
- Contrast RatioThe ratio of the brightest white to the darkest black in an image, which in a real room is dominated by ambient light.Intermediate
- Control (IRM)Specific implementation of a control objective for an entity, with compliance status from attestations, indicators or tests.Intermediate
- Control AccountA management control point where scope, budget, actual cost, and schedule are integrated and compared to earned value for performance measurement.Advanced
- Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP)IETF tunneling protocol (RFC 5415) between lightweight APs and controllers, using UDP 5246 and 5247.Foundational
- Control BaselinePredefined set of controls serving as a starting point for protecting a system at a given impact level.Intermediate
- Control ChartA graph showing process data over time against a mean and upper and lower control limits to determine whether a process is stable.Foundational
- Control Design EffectivenessWhether a control, if operated as described, would prevent or detect the risk it addresses.Intermediate
- Control DiversityCombining different types of controls, such as technical, administrative, and physical, to protect an asset.Intermediate
- Control EnhancementAddition to a base control that adds functionality or strengthens assurance, such as AC-2(1).Advanced
- Control EnvironmentThe set of standards, processes, and structures, including tone at the top, that provide the basis for internal control.Intermediate
- Control FamilyGrouping of related controls in a catalog such as NIST SP 800-53, identified by a two-letter code.Intermediate
- Control FrameAn 802.11 frame type (type 1) that assists delivery of data and management frames.Intermediate
- Control Groups (cgroups)A Linux kernel feature that limits, accounts for, and isolates CPU, memory, I/O, and other resources for groups of processes.Advanced
- Control InheritanceSituation where a system receives protection from controls implemented by another entity or system.Intermediate
- Control MappingLinking controls to multiple framework or regulatory requirements to enable test-once, comply-many approaches.Intermediate
- Control ObjectiveStatement of the desired result or purpose to be achieved by implementing controls.Foundational
- Control Objective (IRM)Policy statement describing what must be achieved, used to generate controls for entities.Intermediate
- Control OwnerPerson accountable for designing, operating, and maintaining a specific control.Intermediate
- Control PanelThe legacy Windows settings interface with applets for system configuration.Foundational
- Control PlanDocument describing the actions, measurements, and responses required to sustain process improvements.Intermediate
- Control PlaneThe Kubernetes components that manage cluster state: kube-apiserver, etcd, kube-scheduler, kube-controller-manager, and cloud-controller-manager.Foundational
- Control ProcurementsProcess of managing procurement relationships, monitoring contract performance, making changes, and closing contracts.Intermediate
- Control QualityProcess of monitoring and recording quality activity results to ensure outputs are complete, correct, and meet expectations.Intermediate
- Control RiskRisk that a material error will not be prevented or detected in a timely manner by internal controls.Intermediate
- Control ScheduleProcess of monitoring project status to update the schedule and manage changes to the schedule baseline.Intermediate
- Control ScopeProcess of monitoring the status of project and product scope and managing changes to the scope baseline.Foundational
- Control Self-Assessment (CSA)Process in which management and staff evaluate the effectiveness of their own controls.Intermediate
- Control TailoringModifying a control baseline to align with the organization's mission, environment, and risk.Intermediate
- Control TestingEvaluating whether controls are designed and operating effectively through inquiry, inspection, observation, and reperformance.Intermediate
- Control-Flow Integrity (CFI)A mitigation that restricts indirect calls and jumps to valid targets determined at compile time, blocking control-flow hijacking.Advanced
- Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)Government-created or -owned information requiring safeguarding or dissemination controls under law, regulation, or policy, but not classified.Intermediate
- Controller DiscoveryThe process by which a lightweight AP locates and joins a WLC.Intermediate
- Controller VM (CVM)The Nutanix virtual machine on each node that runs the distributed storage services and serves I/O to local VMs.Advanced
- Convenience SamplingA non-probability method that samples whoever is easiest to reach.Foundational
- ConvergenceThe state in which all routers have consistent, accurate routing information after a topology change.Foundational
- Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)A neural network that uses convolutional filters to detect spatial patterns, primarily for images.Intermediate
- Cookie PrefixesThe __Secure- and __Host- cookie name prefixes that make browsers enforce secure attributes on cookies.Advanced
- Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure (CVD)A disclosure model where a researcher privately reports a flaw and publication is delayed until the vendor can release a fix.Intermediate
- copy CommandA Windows command that copies one or more files to another location.Foundational
- COPY INTOThe command that bulk-loads staged files into a table (COPY INTO <table>) or unloads query results to a stage (COPY INTO <location>).Intermediate
- Core LayerThe backbone layer of a hierarchical network that provides fast, redundant transport between distribution blocks.Intermediate
- CoreDNSThe default cluster DNS server in Kubernetes that resolves Service and pod names.Intermediate
- Corporate GovernanceThe system of rules, practices, and processes by which a board directs and controls an organization on behalf of stakeholders.Foundational
- Corporate-Owned, Personally Enabled (COPE)A deployment model where the organization owns the device but allows reasonable personal use.Foundational
- Corrective ActionAction to eliminate the cause of a nonconformity or incident and prevent recurrence.Intermediate
- Corrective ControlControl that reduces the impact of an event or restores systems after it occurs.Foundational
- Correlated SubqueryA subquery that references columns from the outer query and is logically evaluated once per outer row.Intermediate
- Correlation CoefficientPearson's r: a value from -1 to +1 measuring the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two numeric variables.Intermediate
- Correlation IDIdentifier propagated across Mule events and HTTP calls to trace a transaction end to end.Intermediate
- Correlation RuleSIEM logic that combines multiple events, possibly across sources and time, to identify suspicious patterns.Intermediate
- Correlation vs CausationThe principle that a statistical association between two variables does not prove that one causes the other.Foundational
- CORS MisconfigurationAn overly permissive CORS policy that lets untrusted origins read authenticated responses.Advanced
- Cortex Query Language (XQL)The query language used to search and analyze data in Cortex XDR and Cortex XSIAM datasets.Advanced
- Cortex XDRPalo Alto Networks' extended detection and response platform combining endpoint protection with network, cloud and identity analytics.Intermediate
- Cortex XDR AgentThe Palo Alto Networks endpoint agent that provides prevention, detection and response capabilities for Cortex XDR.Advanced
- Cortex XSIAMPalo Alto Networks' AI-driven security operations platform that combines SIEM, XDR, SOAR, ASM and threat intelligence.Advanced
- Cortex XSOARPalo Alto Networks' security orchestration, automation and response platform with case management and threat intelligence management.Advanced
- CosignSigstore's command-line tool for signing, verifying and attaching attestations to container images and other OCI artifacts.Advanced
- Cosine SimilarityA similarity measure based on the angle between two vectors, ranging from -1 to 1.Intermediate
- Cosmos DB Consistency LevelsFive Azure Cosmos DB consistency models: strong, bounded staleness, session, consistent prefix and eventual.Advanced
- COSO ERM FrameworkCOSO's enterprise risk management framework integrating risk with strategy and performance.Advanced
- COSO Internal Control Integrated FrameworkWidely used framework for designing and evaluating internal controls, with five components and 17 principles.Intermediate
- Cost BaselineThe approved, time-phased budget of the project, excluding management reserves.Foundational
- Cost of Delay (CoD)The economic impact of delaying delivery of a piece of work.Intermediate
- Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)Costs that would disappear if every activity were performed without defects.Intermediate
- Cost of Quality (COQ)All costs of preventing nonconformance, appraising conformance, and failing to meet requirements over the product life.Foundational
- Cost Optimization PillarWell-architected pillar focused on delivering business value at the lowest price point by avoiding unnecessary costs.Foundational
- Cost Performance Index (CPI)Measure of cost efficiency of budgeted resources: CPI = EV / AC.Foundational
- Cost Plus Award Fee Contract (CPAF)Cost-reimbursable contract in which the fee is based on a subjective evaluation of performance by the buyer.Advanced
- Cost Plus Fixed Fee Contract (CPFF)Cost-reimbursable contract in which the seller is reimbursed allowable costs plus a fixed fee calculated on initial estimated costs.Intermediate
- Cost Plus Incentive Fee Contract (CPIF)Cost-reimbursable contract where the seller gets allowable costs plus an incentive fee based on achieving performance objectives.Advanced
- Cost Variance (CV)The amount of budget deficit or surplus at a point in time: CV = EV - AC.Foundational
- count and for_eachTerraform meta-arguments that create multiple instances of a resource or module from a number or a map/set.Intermediate
- COUNT FunctionAn aggregate that counts rows: COUNT(*) counts every row, COUNT(col) counts non-null values, COUNT(DISTINCT col) counts unique non-null values.Foundational
- Count to InfinityA distance-vector routing loop problem where routers keep incrementing the metric of an unreachable route.Intermediate
- Counter Mode (CTR)Block cipher mode that encrypts a nonce-plus-counter value and XORs the result with plaintext, acting like a stream cipher.Advanced
- Counter Mode with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP)The AES-based 802.11i encryption protocol using CTR mode for confidentiality and CBC-MAC for integrity.Intermediate
- Coverage Hole Detection (CHD)Cisco RRM feature that raises AP power when clients report poor signal.Advanced
- Coverage-Guided FuzzingFuzzing that uses instrumentation feedback about which code paths were executed to prioritize inputs that reach new code.Advanced
- Covered EntityHealth plan, health care clearinghouse, or health care provider that conducts standard electronic transactions, subject to HIPAA.Intermediate
- Covering IndexAn index that contains every column a query needs, so the query can be answered from the index alone.Advanced
- Covert ChannelUnauthorized communication path that transfers information in a way that violates security policy.Advanced
- cp CommandA Linux/macOS command that copies files and directories.Foundational
- CPMAI Business UnderstandingCPMAI Phase I: defining the business problem, whether AI is the right solution, the AI pattern, and success criteria.Intermediate
- CPMAI Data PreparationCPMAI Phase III: cleaning, transforming, labeling, augmenting, and engineering data for model training.Intermediate
- CPMAI Data UnderstandingCPMAI Phase II: identifying data sources, quantity, quality, access, and labeling needs for the AI solution.Intermediate
- CPMAI Model DevelopmentCPMAI Phase IV: selecting algorithms or pretrained models, training, and tuning to meet the defined success criteria.Intermediate
- CPMAI Model EvaluationCPMAI Phase V: assessing model performance against technical metrics and business success criteria.Intermediate
- CPMAI Model OperationalizationCPMAI Phase VI: deploying the model into production and monitoring, maintaining, and governing it.Intermediate
- CPU CacheSmall, very fast memory on the CPU that holds frequently used data and instructions to reduce RAM access.Intermediate
- CPU CoreAn independent processing unit within a CPU that can execute its own instruction stream.Foundational
- CPU Ready TimeThe time a VM's vCPU is ready to run but waiting for the hypervisor to schedule it on a physical CPU.Advanced
- CPU SocketThe motherboard connector that holds a CPU and links it to power, memory, and the chipset.Foundational
- Crash Cost per DayThe incremental cost of shortening an activity by one time unit: (crash cost - normal cost) / (normal time - crash time).Advanced
- CrashingSchedule compression technique that shortens duration by adding resources, usually at increased cost.Intermediate
- CRC ErrorAn interface error counted when a received frame's FCS does not match the computed CRC, indicating corruption.Foundational
- CREATE TABLE AS SELECT (CTAS)A statement that creates a new table and fills it with the results of a query in one step.Intermediate
- CREATE TABLE StatementThe DDL statement that defines a new table with its columns, data types and constraints.Foundational
- Create WBSProcess of subdividing project deliverables and work into smaller, more manageable components.Foundational
- Credential DumpingExtracting account credentials such as password hashes or plaintext passwords from an operating system or software.Advanced
- Credential GuardA Windows security feature that uses virtualization-based security to isolate credential secrets from the operating system.Advanced
- Credential HarvestingCollecting usernames and passwords from victims, usually through fake login pages or malware.Foundational
- Credential StuffingAutomated use of username-password pairs leaked from one breach to log in to other services.Intermediate
- Credentialed ScanA vulnerability scan that logs in to targets with valid credentials to assess installed software and configurations accurately.Foundational
- CRI-OA lightweight Kubernetes-specific container runtime implementing the CRI with OCI-compatible runtimes.Intermediate
- Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)Approach that uses building and landscape design to deter crime through natural surveillance, access control, and territoriality.Advanced
- CrimperA hand tool that compresses a connector onto a cable so its contacts pierce the conductors, used for RJ45 and RJ11 plugs and coax.Foundational
- CRISP-DMCross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining: six iterative phases from business understanding through data prep, modeling, evaluation and deployment.Intermediate
- Criteria-Based Sharing RuleSharing rule that shares records based on field values rather than ownership.Intermediate
- Critical Chain Method (CCM)Scheduling method that accounts for limited resources and uses buffers to protect the project end date.Advanced
- Critical PathThe sequence of activities that represents the longest path through a project and determines the shortest possible duration.Foundational
- Critical Path Method (CPM)Method used to estimate the minimum project duration and determine schedule flexibility on logical network paths.Foundational
- Critical to Quality (CTQ)A measurable characteristic of a product or process that is critical to customer satisfaction.Intermediate
- CRLF InjectionInjection of carriage return and line feed characters into data used in protocol headers or logs.Intermediate
- CRM AnalyticsSalesforce's analytics platform (formerly Tableau CRM and Einstein Analytics) for interactive dashboards on Salesforce and external data.Intermediate
- CronA time-based job scheduler and its five-field schedule syntax (minute, hour, day of month, month, day of week).Foundational
- CronJobA Kubernetes object that creates Jobs on a repeating schedule written in cron syntax.Intermediate
- crontabA per-user schedule table for cron jobs, and the command used to edit, list or remove it.Foundational
- CROSS JOINA join with no condition that returns every combination of rows from both tables (the Cartesian product).Intermediate
- Cross-Account RoleIAM role in one AWS account that principals in another account are trusted to assume, enabling access without sharing credentials.Intermediate
- Cross-Border Data TransferTransfer of personal data to a country outside the jurisdiction whose law protects it, such as from the EU to a third country.Intermediate
- Cross-CertificationEstablishing trust between separate PKI hierarchies by having CAs sign each other's certificates.Advanced
- Cross-EncoderA model that scores a query and document together in one pass, giving accurate relevance at higher cost.Advanced
- Cross-Entropy LossA loss that measures the difference between predicted class probabilities and the true labels; standard for classification and LLMs.Intermediate
- Cross-Filter DirectionThe direction in which a Power BI relationship propagates filters: single (one side to many side) or both (bidirectional).Advanced
- Cross-Functional TeamA team whose members collectively have all skills necessary to create value each iteration.Foundational
- Cross-Object FormulaFormula field that references fields on parent records through relationships, up to 10 levels away.Intermediate
- Cross-Origin Opener Policy (COOP)An HTTP response header that isolates a page's browsing context group from cross-origin windows that open it or that it opens.Advanced
- Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)A browser mechanism using HTTP headers that lets a server allow specific other origins to read its responses.Intermediate
- Cross-Scope PrivilegeRecord granting a scoped application permission to access resources in another scope.Advanced
- Cross-Site Leaks (XS-Leaks)Browser side-channel attacks that infer a user's state on another site, such as whether they are logged in or a search returned results.Advanced
- Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)An attack that tricks an authenticated user's browser into sending unwanted requests to a site where they are logged in.Intermediate
- Cross-Site Script Inclusion (XSSI)An attack in which a malicious page includes a target's authenticated script or JSON response via a script tag to read sensitive data.Advanced
- Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)An attack that injects malicious script into web pages viewed by other users, executing in their browsers.Foundational
- Cross-Site WebSocket Hijacking (CSWSH)A CSRF-like attack in which a malicious site opens a WebSocket to a target using the victim's cookies.Advanced
- Cross-ValidationA resampling method that trains and evaluates a model on multiple different splits to estimate generalization more reliably.Intermediate
- Crossover CableA twisted-pair cable with T568A on one end and T568B on the other, swapping transmit and receive pairs to connect like devices.Foundational
- Crossover Error Rate (CER)Point where a biometric system's FAR equals its FRR; lower CER means a more accurate system.Intermediate
- CrosstalkInterference in which a signal on one wire pair couples onto an adjacent pair, degrading signal quality.Foundational
- Crow's Foot NotationAn ERD notation that uses symbols at line ends to show cardinality: a three-pronged 'crow's foot' for many, a bar for one and a circle for zero.Intermediate
- Crowdsourced Security TestingEngaging many independent researchers through a managed platform to find vulnerabilities, via bug bounties or private vulnerability programs.Intermediate
- CrowdStrike FalconCrowdStrike's cloud-native endpoint and XDR platform delivered through a single lightweight sensor.Intermediate
- CryptanalysisThe study of analyzing and breaking cryptographic systems.Intermediate
- Crypto-ShreddingRendering encrypted data unrecoverable by securely destroying the encryption keys.Intermediate
- Cryptographic AgilityAbility to replace cryptographic algorithms, keys, and parameters quickly without major system redesign.Advanced
- Cryptographic Bill of Materials (CBOM)Inventory of cryptographic assets, algorithms, keys, certificates, and libraries used by a system.Advanced
- Cryptographic FailuresOWASP Top 10 category for failures to protect data with appropriate cryptography, formerly called Sensitive Data Exposure.Foundational
- Cryptographic KeyA secret or public value used by a cryptographic algorithm to transform data.Foundational
- Cryptographically Relevant Quantum Computer (CRQC)A quantum computer powerful enough to break widely used public key cryptography such as RSA and ECC.Advanced
- Cryptographically Secure Pseudorandom Number Generator (CSPRNG)Random number generator whose output is unpredictable enough for cryptographic use.Advanced
- CryptographyThe science of protecting information by transforming it so only intended parties can read or verify it.Foundational
- CryptojackingUnauthorized use of a victim's computing resources to mine cryptocurrency.Foundational
- CrystalFamily of human-centric agile methods by Alistair Cockburn, scaled by team size and project criticality.Advanced
- CSA STARCloud Security Alliance Security, Trust, Assurance and Risk program and public registry for cloud provider assurance.Intermediate
- CSF CoreTaxonomy of cybersecurity outcomes in the NIST CSF, organized as functions, categories, and subcategories.Intermediate
- CSF Detect FunctionCSF function for finding and analyzing possible cybersecurity attacks and compromises.Foundational
- CSF Govern Function (GV)CSF 2.0 function covering cybersecurity risk management strategy, expectations, policy, roles, oversight, and supply chain risk.Intermediate
- CSF Identify FunctionCSF function for understanding current cybersecurity risks to assets, suppliers, and the organization.Foundational
- CSF Implementation TiersFour levels describing the rigor of an organization's cybersecurity risk governance and management: Partial, Risk Informed, Repeatable, Adaptive.Intermediate
- CSF Organizational ProfileDescription of an organization's current or target cybersecurity posture in terms of CSF Core outcomes.Intermediate
- CSF Protect FunctionCSF function covering safeguards to manage cybersecurity risk, such as identity management, training, and data security.Foundational
- CSF Recover Function (RC)CSF function for restoring assets and operations affected by a cybersecurity incident.Foundational
- CSF Respond Function (RS)CSF function for taking action regarding a detected cybersecurity incident.Foundational
- CSV InjectionEmbedding spreadsheet formulas in data that is later exported to CSV and opened in a spreadsheet application.Advanced
- CTI Route PointA virtual CUCM device that receives calls for an application, which then redirects them, such as a UCCX trigger number.Advanced
- CUBE High AvailabilityBox-to-box or inbox redundancy for CUBE that preserves active calls when the active router fails.Advanced
- CUCM RegionA CUCM setting that defines the maximum audio and video bit rate and preferred codec list for calls within and between regions.Intermediate
- CUDACompute Unified Device Architecture: NVIDIA's parallel computing platform and programming model for GPUs.Foundational
- cuDFA RAPIDS GPU DataFrame library with a pandas-like API for loading, joining, aggregating and filtering data.Intermediate
- CUI EnclaveSegmented environment designed to contain all CUI processing, limiting the scope of CMMC or NIST SP 800-171 compliance.Advanced
- Cumulative Flow Diagram (CFD)Stacked area chart showing the number of work items in each workflow state over time.Intermediate
- cURLA command-line tool and library for transferring data with URLs, widely used to test HTTP APIs.Foundational
- Current Value (CV)EBM Key Value Area revealing the value the product delivers today.Advanced
- Curse of DimensionalityThe set of problems that arise as feature count grows: data becomes sparse and distance measures lose meaning.Intermediate
- CursorA database object that lets procedural code process a query result one row at a time.Advanced
- Curve25519Elliptic curve designed by Daniel Bernstein for fast, safe Diffie-Hellman key agreement (X25519).Advanced
- Custom FieldA field added to a standard or custom object, with an API name ending in __c.Foundational
- Custom LabelTranslatable text value referenced in Apex, Visualforce, Lightning components and flows.Foundational
- Custom Metadata TypeCustomizable, deployable application metadata whose records can be packaged and moved with change sets.Intermediate
- Custom ObjectObject created by an admin or developer to store data specific to an organization, with API name ending in __c.Foundational
- Custom Report TypeAdmin-defined report type that sets primary and related objects, relationship joins and available fields.Intermediate
- Custom Resource Definition (CRD)A Kubernetes API extension that defines a new resource type that can be managed like built-in objects.Advanced
- Custom SettingCached custom data set that can be accessed efficiently by formulas, validation rules, flows and Apex.Intermediate
- Customer 360Salesforce's vision and platform for a single, unified view of each customer across all clouds and data.Foundational
- Customer 360 Data ModelSalesforce's standard canonical data model for harmonizing customer data across sources.Intermediate
- Customer Community LicenseHigh-volume external license for B2C or B2B customers with access via sharing sets, without roles.Intermediate
- Customer Community Plus LicenseExternal license for customers needing role-based sharing, reports and dashboards, and delegated administration.Intermediate
- Customer Edge Router (CE)The customer's router connecting to a provider PE; it runs normal IP routing and is unaware of MPLS.Foundational
- Customer Journey MapVisualization of the steps, touchpoints, emotions, and pain points a customer experiences over time.Intermediate
- Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)Equipment located at the customer's site that connects to the provider's network, such as modems, ONTs, routers and set-top boxes.Foundational
- Customer Relationship Management (CRM)Strategy and software for managing interactions with customers and prospects across sales, service and marketing.Foundational
- Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT)A metric measuring user satisfaction with a support interaction, usually from post-ticket surveys.Foundational
- Customer Service Management (CSM)ServiceNow application for delivering external customer service across channels, connecting front, middle and back offices.Foundational
- Customer Service TemplateExperience Cloud template for self-service help centers with knowledge, case submission and discussions.Intermediate
- Customer-Managed Key (CMK)Encryption key created and controlled by the customer in a cloud key management service, rather than by the provider.Intermediate
- CVSS Base MetricsCVSS metrics describing a vulnerability's intrinsic exploitability and impact characteristics.Intermediate
- CVSS Environmental MetricsCVSS metrics that adjust a score for a specific organization's environment and security requirements.Advanced
- CVSS v4.0The 2023 version of CVSS that adds Attack Requirements, splits impact into vulnerable and subsequent systems and renames Temporal to Threat metrics.Advanced
- CWE Top 25MITRE's annually updated ranking of the most dangerous software weaknesses, based on CVE data, severity and exploitation.Intermediate
- Cyber ABThe official accreditation body for the CMMC ecosystem, formerly the CMMC Accreditation Body.Intermediate
- Cyber Incident Reporting for Critical Infrastructure Act (CIRCIA)2022 US law directing CISA to require critical infrastructure entities to report covered cyber incidents and ransom payments.Advanced
- Cyber Kill ChainLockheed Martin's seven-stage model of an intrusion from reconnaissance to actions on objectives.Foundational
- Cyber RangeA controlled virtual environment that simulates networks, systems and applications for security training, testing and exercises.Foundational
- Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI)Evidence-based knowledge about threats and threat actors that informs security decisions.Foundational
- Cyber Workforce QualificationDoD 8140 requirement that personnel in cyber work roles demonstrate foundational and residential qualification at a proficiency level.Intermediate
- Cyber-Physical System (CPS)A system that integrates computing, networking and physical processes so that digital actions have physical effects.Intermediate
- Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC)DoD program verifying that defense contractors protect FCI and CUI, with three levels of assessment requirements.Foundational
- Cybersecurity Supply Chain Risk Management (C-SCRM)Practices to identify, assess, and mitigate cybersecurity risks throughout the supply chain of products and services.Intermediate
- Cycle TimeThe elapsed time from when work starts on an item to when it finishes.Foundational
- Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)An error-detecting code based on polynomial division, used in Ethernet's FCS and in storage systems.Foundational
- CycloneDXAn OWASP SBOM standard (ECMA-424) designed for security use cases, supporting software, hardware, services, cryptographic assets and VEX data.Intermediate
- Cynefin FrameworkSense-making framework by Dave Snowden classifying situations as clear, complicated, complex, chaotic, or confused.Intermediate
- Cypher Query LanguageA declarative graph query language, created by Neo4j, that uses ASCII-art patterns such as (a)-[:REL]->(b) to match nodes and relationships.Advanced