Certification terms: G
168 study terms starting with G.
168 terms
- .gitignoreA file listing patterns of files and directories Git should not track, such as build outputs and secrets.Foundational
- G.711The ITU-T uncompressed PCM voice codec at 64 kbps, using mu-law or A-law companding and 8 kHz sampling.Foundational
- G.722An ITU-T wideband voice codec at 64 kbps that captures audio from 50 to 7000 Hz for HD voice.Intermediate
- G.729An ITU-T 8 kbps CS-ACELP voice codec widely used to save WAN bandwidth, with annexes A (low complexity) and B (VAD).Foundational
- g_formClient-side API for accessing and manipulating form fields, such as getValue, setValue, setMandatory and setDisplay.Intermediate
- Gadget ChainA sequence of existing classes and methods in an application's classpath that, when triggered during deserialization, performs unintended actions.Advanced
- Gain StructureSetting the gain at each stage of an audio system so signals stay well above the noise floor without clipping.Foundational
- Galaxy SchemaA model with multiple fact tables that share conformed dimension tables; also called a fact constellation.Intermediate
- Galois/Counter Mode (GCM)Authenticated block cipher mode combining counter mode encryption with Galois field authentication (GHASH).Intermediate
- Galois/Counter Mode Protocol (GCMP)An AES-based authenticated encryption protocol for Wi-Fi, used as GCMP-256 in WPA3-Enterprise 192-bit and Wi-Fi 7.Advanced
- Game DayA planned exercise where teams simulate failures or incidents to test systems, runbooks, and response processes.Intermediate
- Gantt ChartA bar chart of schedule information with activities listed vertically and dates horizontally.Foundational
- Gap AnalysisComparison of current state with a desired state or requirement to identify deficiencies and actions.Foundational
- Gap Analysis (TOGAF)TOGAF technique comparing baseline and target architectures to identify missing, new and retained building blocks.Foundational
- GatekeeperA macOS security feature that only allows apps from the App Store or identified, notarized developers by default.Intermediate
- Gateway APIThe Kubernetes successor to Ingress providing role-oriented, extensible resources such as GatewayClass, Gateway, and HTTPRoute.Advanced
- Gateway Load Balancer (GWLB)AWS load balancer that transparently inserts fleets of third-party virtual network appliances, such as firewalls, into traffic paths.Advanced
- Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)Cisco-proprietary FHRP that provides gateway redundancy and load balancing using one virtual IP and multiple virtual MACs.Intermediate
- Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)FSK with Gaussian filtering to smooth frequency transitions, used by Bluetooth.Advanced
- GB200 NVL72A liquid-cooled rack-scale NVIDIA system linking 36 Grace CPUs and 72 Blackwell GPUs in a single NVLink domain.Advanced
- GDPR Administrative FinesTwo-tier GDPR penalty structure: up to 10 million euros or 2 percent, or up to 20 million euros or 4 percent of global annual turnover.Intermediate
- GembaJapanese for 'the real place' where value is created; a gemba walk is going there to observe work.Intermediate
- GeminiGoogle's family of natively multimodal foundation models, available in the Gemini app, Gemini API and Vertex AI.Foundational
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)EU regulation (2016/679), applicable since 25 May 2018, governing processing of personal data of individuals in the EU/EEA.Foundational
- General Ledger (GL)Central accounting record in ERP containing all financial transactions organized by account.Foundational
- General-Purpose AI Model (GPAI)EU AI Act term for AI models with significant generality able to perform a wide range of tasks, such as large language models.Advanced
- Generalized Audit Software (GAS)Audit software that reads and analyzes data files to perform functions like sampling, stratification, duplicate detection, and gap detection.Intermediate
- Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM)Protection that accepts BGP packets only if their TTL is at or near 255, blocking spoofed sessions from distant attackers.Advanced
- Generation-Based FuzzingFuzzing that builds test inputs from a model, grammar or specification of the expected input format.Intermediate
- Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)A generative model in which a generator and a discriminator are trained against each other.Intermediate
- Generative AI (GenAI)AI that creates new content such as text, images, code, audio or video based on patterns learned from training data.Foundational
- Generative AI HubSAP AI Core capability providing governed access to multiple LLMs, prompt management and orchestration with grounding and content filtering.Advanced
- Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT)OpenAI's family of decoder-only transformer models pretrained on large text corpora for generation.Foundational
- Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)A Cisco-developed tunneling protocol (IP protocol 47) that encapsulates almost any network-layer protocol in IP.Intermediate
- GeofencingUsing a device's geographic location to create virtual boundaries that trigger security policies.Foundational
- Get Records ElementFlow element that queries records matching filters and stores the first record or all records in a variable.Foundational
- Ghost ImageA faint duplicate of a previous image appearing elsewhere on a laser-printed page.Intermediate
- GiantAn Ethernet frame larger than the maximum allowed size on an interface, normally 1518 bytes untagged.Intermediate
- Gigabit Ethernet (GbE)Ethernet at 1000 Mbps, defined in 802.3z (fiber) and 802.3ab (copper).Foundational
- GitA free, open-source distributed version control system that tracks changes to files and enables collaborative development.Foundational
- git bisectA Git command that performs a binary search through commit history to find the commit that introduced a bug.Advanced
- git cherry-pickA Git command that applies the changes from a specific existing commit onto the current branch as a new commit.Intermediate
- Git HookA script Git runs automatically at points such as pre-commit, commit-msg, or pre-push, or on the server at pre-receive.Intermediate
- Git Large File Storage (Git LFS)A Git extension that stores large binary files outside the repository, replacing them with small pointer files.Intermediate
- git logA Git command that displays commit history with authors, dates, messages, and optionally diffs and graphs.Foundational
- git pullA Git command that fetches changes from a remote and integrates them into the current branch.Foundational
- git pushA Git command that uploads local branch commits to a remote repository.Foundational
- git resetA Git command that moves the current branch pointer to a specified commit, optionally changing the staging area and working tree.Intermediate
- git revertA Git command that creates a new commit that undoes the changes made by a previous commit.Foundational
- git stashA Git command that temporarily shelves uncommitted changes so you can work on something else and reapply them later.Intermediate
- Git SubmoduleA repository embedded inside another Git repository at a specific commit.Advanced
- Git TagA named reference to a specific commit, typically used to mark release versions.Foundational
- GitFlowA branching model with long-lived main and develop branches plus feature, release, and hotfix branches.Intermediate
- GitHubA cloud platform for hosting Git repositories with collaboration, code review, CI/CD (Actions), package hosting, and security features.Foundational
- GitHub ActionsGitHub's integrated CI/CD and automation platform that runs YAML-defined workflows in response to repository events.Foundational
- GitHub Actions WorkflowA configurable automated process defined in a YAML file in .github/workflows that contains one or more jobs.Foundational
- GitHub Advanced Security (GHAS)GitHub's security product suite including code scanning, secret scanning with push protection, and dependency review.Intermediate
- GitHub CodespacesCloud-hosted development environments on GitHub, configured by a devcontainer.json file.Foundational
- GitHub FlowA lightweight branching workflow: create a branch from main, commit, open a pull request, review, merge, and deploy.Foundational
- GitHub IssuesGitHub's tracking feature for bugs, tasks, and feature requests, linked to pull requests, labels, milestones, and projects.Foundational
- GitHub MarketplaceGitHub's catalog of reusable Actions and Apps that extend GitHub workflows and integrations.Foundational
- GitHub PackagesGitHub's package hosting service supporting container images, npm, Maven, Gradle, NuGet, and RubyGems registries.Foundational
- GitHub ProjectsA flexible planning tool on GitHub that tracks issues and pull requests in table, board, and roadmap views with custom fields.Foundational
- GitHub SecretsEncrypted variables stored at the organization, repository, or environment level for use in GitHub Actions workflows.Intermediate
- GITHUB_TOKENAn automatically generated, short-lived token that GitHub Actions provides to each workflow run for authenticating to the GitHub API.Intermediate
- GitLab CI/CDGitLab's built-in CI/CD system, configured with a .gitlab-ci.yml file defining stages and jobs run by GitLab Runners.Foundational
- GitOpsAn operating model where desired infrastructure and app state is stored declaratively in Git and automatically reconciled to the live environment.Intermediate
- Given-When-ThenA structured format for writing acceptance criteria and test scenarios, used in behavior-driven development.Intermediate
- GlideAjaxClient-side API to call a client-callable Script Include asynchronously and receive a response.Advanced
- GlideRecordServer-side API for querying and manipulating database records in ServiceNow scripts.Intermediate
- GlideSystem (gs)Server-side API (gs) for system information, logging, user context, messages and events.Intermediate
- Global ActionQuick action available anywhere in Salesforce, such as from the global actions menu, not tied to a specific object record.Foundational
- Global Catalog (GC)A domain controller that stores a partial, read-only replica of every object in the forest to support forest-wide searches and logons.Intermediate
- Global Configuration ElementReusable application-level configuration, such as connector connection settings, referenced by operations.Foundational
- Global Dial Plan Replication (GDPR)An ILS feature that replicates directory URIs, alternate numbers and patterns among CUCM clusters with route strings for routing.Advanced
- Global Internal Audit StandardsIIA standards effective January 2025 that govern the professional practice of internal auditing worldwide.Advanced
- Global Privacy Control (GPC)Browser or extension signal communicating a user's request to opt out of sale or sharing of personal data.Intermediate
- Global Routing PrefixThe leading portion of an IPv6 global unicast address assigned by an ISP or RIR to identify a site.Intermediate
- Global Unicast Address (GUA)A globally routable IPv6 address, currently allocated from 2000::/3.Foundational
- Global Value SetReusable, restricted list of picklist values shared across multiple picklist fields and objects.Intermediate
- Globalized Dial PlanA dial plan design that normalizes all numbers to +E.164 for routing and then localizes them at the egress device.Advanced
- GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)Free, open-source implementation of the OpenPGP standard.Foundational
- Goals CascadeCOBIT mechanism translating stakeholder needs into enterprise goals, alignment goals, and governance and management objectives.Advanced
- Gold LayerThe curated medallion layer that holds business-level aggregates and dimensional models ready for BI and reporting.Intermediate
- Gold PlatingAdding extra features or functions beyond what was agreed, without customer request or approval.Foundational
- Golden DatasetA curated set of inputs with verified expected outputs used as the reference for evaluation and regression testing.Intermediate
- Golden PathAn opinionated, supported, well-documented way to build and deploy a particular type of software within an organization.Intermediate
- Golden RecordSingle, consolidated and trusted record of an entity created by merging data from multiple sources.Intermediate
- Golden TicketA forged Kerberos TGT created with the KRBTGT account hash, granting unrestricted domain access.Advanced
- Google App Engine (GAE)Google Cloud's fully managed PaaS for web apps, offered in standard (sandboxed, scale to zero) and flexible (container-based) environments.Foundational
- Google Cloud BuildGoogle Cloud's serverless CI/CD service that executes build steps as containers defined in cloudbuild.yaml.Foundational
- Google Cloud CLI (gcloud)Command-line tool set (gcloud, gsutil, bq) for managing Google Cloud resources.Foundational
- Google Cloud ConsoleWeb-based interface for managing Google Cloud projects, resources, IAM and billing.Foundational
- Google Cloud DataflowGoogle Cloud's serverless, autoscaling service for running Apache Beam pipelines for unified batch and stream processing.Intermediate
- Google Cloud DeployA managed Google Cloud continuous delivery service that promotes releases through a sequence of targets such as GKE, Cloud Run, or GKE Enterprise clusters.Intermediate
- Google Cloud IAMGoogle Cloud's identity and access management system that grants roles to principals on resources through allow policies.Foundational
- Google Cloud Key Management Service (Cloud KMS)Google Cloud service for managing cryptographic keys, with software, HSM, and external key options.Intermediate
- Google Cloud ObservabilityGoogle Cloud's suite of Cloud Monitoring, Cloud Logging, Cloud Trace, Cloud Profiler and Error Reporting (formerly Stackdriver).Foundational
- Google Cloud ProjectBasic Google Cloud container for resources, APIs, IAM settings and billing, identified by a globally unique project ID.Foundational
- Google Cloud Resource HierarchyGoogle Cloud's structure of organization, folders, projects and resources used for ownership, policy inheritance and billing.Foundational
- Google Cloud VPCGlobal virtual network in Google Cloud whose regional subnets span zones, with distributed firewall rules and routes.Foundational
- Google Cloud Well-Architected FrameworkGoogle Cloud's recommendations for designing secure, reliable, efficient, cost-effective workloads, formerly the Google Cloud Architecture Framework.Intermediate
- Google Distributed Cloud (GDC)Google Cloud portfolio that runs Google infrastructure and services at the edge or in customer data centers, including air-gapped options.Advanced
- Google DorkingUsing advanced search engine operators to find sensitive information or vulnerable systems indexed by search engines.Foundational
- Google Hacking Database (GHDB)A curated collection of search engine queries that reveal sensitive information or vulnerable systems, hosted by Exploit-DB.Intermediate
- Google Security OperationsGoogle Cloud's security operations platform, formerly Chronicle, combining SIEM, SOAR and threat intelligence.Advanced
- GophishAn open-source phishing framework for running and tracking authorized phishing campaigns.Intermediate
- GovernanceThe framework of authority, accountability, and decision rights within which projects are directed and controlled.Intermediate
- Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC)Integrated approach to aligning IT and security with business objectives, managing risk, and meeting legal and regulatory requirements.Foundational
- Government Cloud (GovCloud)Isolated cloud regions built for government agencies and contractors with stringent compliance such as FedRAMP High and ITAR.Intermediate
- Governor LimitsRuntime limits Salesforce enforces per transaction to ensure fair use of shared resources.Foundational
- GovRAMPNonprofit program (formerly StateRAMP) providing cloud security verification for US state and local governments.Advanced
- gpresultA Windows command that displays the Resultant Set of Policy applied to a user and computer.Intermediate
- GPUDirect RDMANVIDIA technology that lets network adapters read and write GPU memory directly, bypassing host memory and CPU.Advanced
- gpupdateA Windows command that refreshes Group Policy settings on a computer.Foundational
- Graceful RestartA mechanism letting neighbors keep forwarding through a restarting router's control plane using preserved forwarding state.Advanced
- Grade of Service (GoS)The probability that a call is blocked during the busy hour because all circuits are in use, such as P.01 for 1 percent.Intermediate
- Grade vs. QualityQuality is how well characteristics meet requirements; grade is a category for items with the same use but different technical characteristics.Foundational
- Gradient AccumulationSumming gradients over several mini-batches before updating weights to simulate a larger batch.Advanced
- Gradient BoostingAn ensemble technique that builds models sequentially, each one correcting the residual errors of the previous ones.Intermediate
- Gradient DescentAn optimization algorithm that iteratively adjusts parameters in the direction that most reduces the loss.Intermediate
- GrafanaAn open-source visualization and dashboarding platform that queries data sources such as Prometheus, Loki, Elasticsearch, and cloud monitoring services.Foundational
- GrainThe level of detail one row of a fact table represents, such as one line item per order or one balance per account per day.Intermediate
- Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA)1999 US law requiring financial institutions to protect customers' nonpublic personal information and disclose privacy practices.Intermediate
- Grandfather-Father-Son Rotation (GFS)A backup retention scheme using daily (son), weekly (father) and monthly (grandfather) backup sets.Foundational
- Grant Access Using HierarchiesOWD option that determines whether the role hierarchy opens access to records; can be disabled only for custom objects.Intermediate
- GRANT StatementThe DCL statement that gives privileges on database objects to users or roles.Foundational
- Graph DatabaseA database that stores data as nodes and edges with properties, optimized for traversing relationships.Intermediate
- Graphics Power ConnectorPSU connectors (6-pin, 8-pin, or 16-pin 12V-2x6) that supply supplemental power to graphics cards.Intermediate
- Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)A massively parallel processor, originally for graphics, that accelerates the matrix math behind AI training and inference.Foundational
- GraphQLA query language and runtime for APIs that lets clients request exactly the fields they need from a single endpoint.Intermediate
- GraphQL IntrospectionA GraphQL feature that lets clients query the full schema, which can disclose sensitive types and operations in production.Intermediate
- GraphQL Query Depth LimitingRestricting how deeply nested or how costly a GraphQL query may be to prevent resource exhaustion.Advanced
- GraphRAGRAG that uses a knowledge graph of entities and relationships to retrieve connected information.Advanced
- Gratuitous ARP (GARP)An unsolicited ARP message in which a host announces its own IP-to-MAC mapping.Intermediate
- Gray-Box TestingTesting with partial knowledge of the target, such as user-level credentials or limited documentation; CompTIA's partially known environment.Foundational
- grepA Linux command that searches text for lines matching a pattern or regular expression.Foundational
- Grid SearchHyperparameter tuning that exhaustively tries every combination from predefined value lists.Intermediate
- Ground LoopAn unwanted current path formed when equipment is grounded at multiple points with different potentials, causing hum.Intermediate
- Ground RulesExpectations regarding acceptable behavior by project team members.Foundational
- Ground TruthThe verified correct answer or label used to train and evaluate models.Foundational
- GroundednessAn evaluation measure of whether a response's claims are supported by the provided context.Intermediate
- GroundingConnecting outdoor RF equipment and masts to earth ground for safety and surge protection.Intermediate
- Grounding (Generative AI)Anchoring a model's responses to verifiable source data supplied at runtime.Foundational
- GroupCollection of users that share roles and can be assigned work.Foundational
- GROUP BY ClauseThe clause that groups rows sharing the same values so that aggregate functions return one row per group.Foundational
- Group Managed Service Account (gMSA)An AD account for services whose complex password is automatically managed and rotated by domain controllers and usable on multiple servers.Advanced
- Group of Pictures (GOP)The sequence of video frames between key frames, made of I-frames, P-frames and optionally B-frames.Intermediate
- Group PolicyWindows Active Directory feature for centrally applying security and configuration settings to users and computers.Intermediate
- Group Policy Object (GPO)A collection of settings in Active Directory that configures users and computers when linked to sites, domains or OUs.Foundational
- Group Policy Processing OrderThe sequence in which GPOs apply: local, site, domain, then OU (LSDOU), with later policies overriding earlier ones.Intermediate
- Group ScopeThe AD property (domain local, global or universal) that determines where a group can be used and what members it can contain.Intermediate
- Group Temporal Key (GTK)The shared key used to encrypt broadcast and multicast traffic within a BSS.Advanced
- GROUPING SETSA GROUP BY extension that lists exactly which groupings to compute in a single query.Advanced
- Grover's AlgorithmQuantum search algorithm offering a quadratic speedup that effectively halves symmetric key and hash security.Advanced
- GROW with SAPSAP offering bundling S/4HANA Cloud Public Edition with BTP and services for fast adoption by new and midsize customers.Foundational
- gRPCA high-performance open-source RPC framework that uses HTTP/2 transport and Protocol Buffers serialization.Intermediate
- gRPC Network Management Interface (gNMI)An OpenConfig gRPC-based protocol for retrieving and modifying configuration and streaming telemetry using YANG-modeled paths.Advanced
- GRUBThe GRand Unified Bootloader, the standard Linux boot loader that loads the kernel and can chain-load other OSes.Intermediate
- GRUB 2The GRand Unified Bootloader version 2, the standard Linux boot loader that loads the kernel and initramfs.Intermediate
- Guard Interval (GI)A period between OFDM symbols that absorbs multipath echoes to prevent inter-symbol interference.Intermediate
- GuardrailsControls that constrain AI inputs and outputs to keep behavior safe, on-topic and compliant.Foundational
- Guest Anchor ControllerA controller, typically in a DMZ, to which guest traffic is tunneled from foreign controllers.Advanced
- Guest NetworkA WLAN that provides visitors with internet-only access isolated from internal resources.Foundational
- Guest UserUnauthenticated public visitor to an Experience Cloud site or Salesforce Site, governed by the guest user profile.Intermediate
- Guest User Sharing RuleCriteria-based sharing rule that grants read-only access to records for unauthenticated guest users.Advanced
- GUID Partition Table (GPT)A modern disk partitioning scheme, part of the UEFI specification, supporting disks over 2 TiB and up to 128 partitions by default.Foundational
- GuidelineRecommended, non-mandatory advice for implementing policies and standards when no specific standard applies.Foundational