Certification terms: L
223 study terms starting with L.
223 terms
- L1 RegularizationAdds a penalty proportional to the absolute value of weights, pushing some weights to exactly zero (Lasso).Intermediate
- L2 RegularizationAdds a penalty proportional to the squared weights, shrinking all weights toward zero (Ridge, weight decay).Intermediate
- L3OutA Cisco ACI external routed network connection that exchanges routes and traffic between the fabric and outside networks.Advanced
- L3VNIA VXLAN VNI associated with a tenant VRF, used to carry routed traffic between VTEPs in symmetric IRB.Advanced
- LabelThe known target value attached to a training example that a supervised model learns to predict.Foundational
- Label and SelectorKey-value pairs attached to Kubernetes objects (labels) and the queries that match them (selectors).Foundational
- Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)A protocol that distributes label bindings for IGP prefixes between MPLS neighbors.Intermediate
- Label Edge Router (LER)An MPLS router at the edge of the label-switched domain that imposes or removes labels, typically a PE router.Intermediate
- Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)The data-plane table mapping incoming labels to outgoing labels, operations and next hops.Advanced
- Label Information Base (LIB)The table of all label bindings a router has learned from LDP neighbors, plus its own local bindings.Advanced
- Label StackThe ordered set of MPLS labels on a packet; routers act only on the top label.Intermediate
- Label Switch Router (LSR)Any router that forwards MPLS packets based on labels; core LSRs are called P routers.Intermediate
- Label Switched Path (LSP)The unidirectional path a labeled packet follows from ingress to egress LER through an MPLS network.Intermediate
- LAG and LEAD FunctionsWindow functions that return a value from a previous row (LAG) or a following row (LEAD) within a partition.Intermediate
- Lakeflow Declarative PipelinesDatabricks' declarative ETL framework (formerly Delta Live Tables) where you define tables and the platform manages orchestration and data quality.Intermediate
- Lakeflow JobsDatabricks' orchestration service, formerly Workflows/Jobs, for scheduling multi-task DAGs of notebooks, SQL, pipelines, dbt and Python tasks.Intermediate
- Lakehouse FederationA Databricks feature that queries external databases (PostgreSQL, Snowflake, SQL Server) through Unity Catalog foreign catalogs without ingesting data.Advanced
- Lambda ArchitectureA big data architecture with a batch layer for accurate historical views and a speed layer for real-time views, merged in a serving layer.Advanced
- Lambda@EdgeCloudFront feature that runs Lambda functions at regional edge caches in response to viewer and origin request/response events.Advanced
- Land Grid Array (LGA)A CPU socket design where the contact pins are in the motherboard socket and the CPU has flat pads.Foundational
- Landing ZonePre-configured, secure, scalable multi-account or multi-subscription cloud environment that serves as the foundation for workloads.Intermediate
- Laptop DisassemblyOpening a laptop to replace components using documented, careful procedures.Foundational
- Laptop Display Output SwitchingChanging how a laptop sends video to internal and external displays: duplicate, extend, or second screen only.Foundational
- Laptop Keyboard ReplacementRemoving and replacing a laptop's integrated keyboard, often via ribbon cable or top-case assembly.Intermediate
- Large Language Model (LLM)A very large transformer model trained on massive text data to understand and generate natural language and code.Foundational
- Large-Scale Scrum (LeSS)Framework for scaling Scrum to multiple teams working on one product, created by Craig Larman and Bas Vodde.Advanced
- Laser Imaging ProcessThe seven-step sequence a laser printer follows: processing, charging, exposing, developing, transferring, fusing, and cleaning.Intermediate
- Laser PrinterA printer that uses a laser, photosensitive drum, toner, and heated fuser to produce prints.Foundational
- Late CollisionA collision detected after the first 64 bytes of a frame have been transmitted.Intermediate
- Late-Arriving DataRecords that arrive after the window or batch for their event time has already been processed.Advanced
- LatencyThe time it takes for data to travel from source to destination, usually measured in milliseconds.Foundational
- Latent SpaceA compressed, learned representation space where similar inputs map to nearby points.Intermediate
- LATERAL JoinA join in which the right-hand table expression can reference columns from preceding tables in the FROM clause.Advanced
- Lateral MovementTechniques attackers use to move from one compromised system to others within a network.Intermediate
- Lattice-Based CryptographyCryptography based on hard problems over mathematical lattices, such as learning with errors, believed quantum-resistant.Advanced
- Launch TemplateVersioned AWS configuration specifying AMI, instance type, key pair, security groups and other settings used to launch EC2 instances.Intermediate
- Law of Diminishing ReturnsPrinciple that after a point, adding more input yields progressively smaller output gains.Intermediate
- Lawful Basis for ProcessingOne of six GDPR Article 6 grounds required to process personal data lawfully.Foundational
- Layer 3 RoamingA roam between APs in different IP subnets in which the client keeps its original IP address.Advanced
- Layer NormalizationNormalizing activations across the features of each individual example rather than across a batch.Advanced
- Layered SecuritySynonym for defense in depth: multiple overlapping security measures protecting the same asset.Foundational
- Lazy EvaluationDeferring execution of transformations until an action requires a result, which lets the engine optimize the whole plan.Intermediate
- LDAP InjectionInjection that alters LDAP queries built from user input, potentially bypassing authentication or disclosing directory data.Intermediate
- LDP-IGP SynchronizationA feature that keeps the IGP from using a link until LDP is operational on it, preventing traffic blackholing.Advanced
- LeadStandard object for a prospect or potential sale not yet qualified.Foundational
- Lead and LagLead is the time a successor can be advanced relative to a predecessor; lag is the time it must be delayed.Intermediate
- Lead ConversionProcess that converts a qualified lead into an account, contact and optionally an opportunity.Foundational
- Lead Supervisory AuthoritySupervisory authority of a controller's or processor's main establishment that leads cross-border GDPR enforcement under the one-stop-shop mechanism.Advanced
- Lead TimeThe elapsed time from when a request is made (or committed) to when it is delivered.Foundational
- Lead Time for ChangesA DORA metric measuring the time from code being committed to that code running successfully in production.Foundational
- Lead-to-Cash (L2C)End-to-end revenue process from capturing a lead through closing a deal, fulfilling and collecting payment.Intermediate
- Lean Budget GuardrailsSAFe policies and practices for budgets, spending, and governance within a portfolio.Advanced
- Lean Business CaseA lightweight SAFe document capturing an epic's hypothesis, MVP, costs, and expected benefits.Advanced
- Lean Portfolio Management (LPM)SAFe competency that aligns strategy and execution by applying Lean and systems thinking to portfolio funding, operations, and governance.Advanced
- Lean ThinkingManagement philosophy derived from the Toyota Production System focused on maximizing customer value while minimizing waste.Foundational
- Learning CurvePrinciple that cost or time per unit decreases as experience with repetitive work increases.Intermediate
- Learning RateThe hyperparameter that sets how large a step the optimizer takes when updating weights.Foundational
- Leased LineA dedicated, private telecommunications circuit between two locations, rented from a carrier with guaranteed bandwidth.Foundational
- Least Common MechanismDesign principle that mechanisms shared by multiple users should be minimized to reduce unintended information paths.Advanced
- Least PrivilegePrinciple of granting users and processes only the minimum access rights needed to perform their tasks.Foundational
- LEFT OUTER JOINA join that returns every row from the left table plus matching rows from the right, with NULLs where no match exists.Foundational
- Leftmost Prefix RuleThe principle that a composite index can be used for seeks only when queries filter on its leading column(s).Advanced
- Legacy WorkflowOlder graphical workflow engine (Workflow Editor) with activities and transitions, superseded by Flow Designer.Intermediate
- Legal HoldA directive to preserve all potentially relevant information when litigation or investigation is reasonably anticipated.Foundational
- Legitimate InterestsGDPR lawful basis allowing processing necessary for a legitimate interest unless overridden by the data subject's rights.Intermediate
- Lessons LearnedA review conducted after an incident to identify what happened, what worked, what failed and how to improve.Foundational
- Lessons Learned RegisterA project document recording knowledge gained during the project for use on the current and future projects.Foundational
- Letter of Intent (LOI)A non-binding document in which a buyer indicates the intent to award a contract.Intermediate
- Level of Detail Expression (LOD)A Tableau calculation that computes aggregates at a specified level of detail independent of the view: FIXED, INCLUDE or EXCLUDE.Advanced
- Level of Effort (LOE)An activity that does not produce definitive end products and is measured by the passage of time.Advanced
- Levels of MeasurementThe four scales of data: nominal (labels), ordinal (ordered categories), interval (equal spacing, no true zero) and ratio (equal spacing with a true zero).Foundational
- Leveraging Existing ComponentsReuse proven, vetted security components instead of building new ones, to reduce attack surface and errors.Intermediate
- libvirtAn open-source API, daemon and toolkit for managing virtualization platforms such as KVM/QEMU.Intermediate
- License ReconciliationSAM process comparing license entitlements with actual usage to determine compliance position.Advanced
- Life Cycle CostingConsidering the total cost of ownership of a product over its entire life, not just development cost.Intermediate
- Lifecycle EventHR journey such as onboarding, offboarding or parental leave composed of activity sets and activities across departments.Intermediate
- Lightning AppCollection of navigation items, branding and utility bar for a group of users, either standard navigation or console.Foundational
- Lightning App BuilderPoint-and-click tool for building Lightning pages (app, home and record pages) from components.Foundational
- Lightning ArrestorA device that shunts transient current from near lightning strikes to ground to protect equipment.Intermediate
- Lightning ConnectorApple's proprietary 8-pin reversible connector used on older iPhones, iPads, and accessories.Foundational
- Lightning Data Service (LDS)Client-side data layer that caches records and shares them across components, honoring sharing and FLS without Apex.Intermediate
- Lightning ExperienceSalesforce's modern user interface, replacing Salesforce Classic, with componentized pages and productivity features.Foundational
- Lightning LockerLegacy security architecture for Lightning components that wraps DOM objects to enforce namespace isolation.Advanced
- Lightning Message Service (LMS)Publish-subscribe service for communication between LWC, Aura and Visualforce components across the DOM on a Lightning page.Advanced
- Lightning Record PageCustomizable record page built in Lightning App Builder using standard, custom and AppExchange components.Foundational
- Lightning Web Component (LWC)Salesforce UI framework based on web standards (custom elements, modules, shadow DOM) for building components.Foundational
- Lightning Web Runtime (LWR)High-performance runtime for Experience Cloud sites built only with Lightning Web Components.Advanced
- Lightning Web Security (LWS)Security architecture that isolates Lightning components in JavaScript sandboxes, replacing Lightning Locker.Advanced
- Lightweight Access Point (LAP)An AP that handles real-time radio functions while a controller manages configuration and control.Foundational
- Lightweight CryptographyCryptographic algorithms designed for constrained devices with limited power, memory, and processing.Advanced
- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)A protocol for querying and modifying directory services such as Active Directory, using TCP/UDP port 389.Foundational
- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over SSL (LDAPS)LDAP secured with TLS on TCP port 636 to protect directory queries and credentials.Foundational
- Lightweight Directory Access Protocol Synchronization (LDAP sync)Importing users from a corporate directory such as Active Directory into CUCM and keeping them updated on a schedule.Intermediate
- Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP)A legacy Cisco proprietary EAP method using unprotected MS-CHAP that is vulnerable to dictionary attacks.Intermediate
- LIKE OperatorA predicate that matches strings against a pattern using wildcards: % for any sequence and _ for a single character.Foundational
- LikelihoodThe chance or probability that a risk event will occur within a time frame.Foundational
- LIMIT ClauseA clause that restricts how many rows a query returns; the syntax varies (LIMIT, TOP, FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY).Foundational
- Limit OverrunA race condition in which parallel requests exceed a business limit, such as redeeming a coupon more than once.Advanced
- Limited BroadcastThe address 255.255.255.255, which reaches all hosts on the local segment and is never forwarded by routers.Intermediate
- LimitRangeA Kubernetes namespace policy that sets default, minimum, and maximum resource requests and limits for containers or pods.Advanced
- LINDDUNPrivacy threat modeling framework identifying threats such as linkability, identifiability, and non-compliance.Advanced
- Line ChartA chart that connects data points with lines to show trends over a continuous dimension, usually time.Foundational
- Line ConditionerA device that smooths voltage fluctuations, filters noise, and regulates sags and swells in AC power.Intermediate
- Line GroupA CUCM collection of DNs that receive hunted calls using top down, circular, longest idle time or broadcast distribution.Intermediate
- Line LevelThe standard audio signal level between devices, +4 dBu for professional gear and -10 dBV for consumer equipment.Foundational
- Line/Device Calling Search Space ApproachA CUCM design that uses the device CSS for site-specific routing and the line CSS to block destinations a user may not reach.Advanced
- Linear RegressionA regression algorithm that models the target as a weighted sum of input features plus an intercept.Foundational
- Linear Tape-Open (LTO)An open magnetic tape standard for high-capacity, low-cost, long-term backup and archive storage.Foundational
- Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP)IEEE 802.3ad/802.1AX protocol that negotiates link aggregation bundles; modes active and passive.Foundational
- Link BudgetAn accounting of all gains and losses from transmitter to receiver to predict received signal strength.Intermediate
- Link Fragmentation and Interleaving (LFI)A QoS tool that fragments large data packets on slow links so small voice packets can be interleaved between fragments.Advanced
- Link LayerThe lowest layer of the TCP/IP model (also called Network Access or Network Interface) covering OSI Layers 1 and 2.Foundational
- Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)IEEE 802.1AB vendor-neutral Layer 2 neighbor discovery protocol using TLVs.Foundational
- Link Loss BudgetThe calculated maximum allowable optical loss for a fiber link based on fiber, connectors, and splices.Advanced
- Link-Local AddressAn address valid only on the local network segment and never forwarded by routers.Intermediate
- Link-State Advertisement (LSA)An OSPF data unit describing a router's links, a network, or external and summary prefixes, flooded to build the LSDB.Intermediate
- Link-State Database (LSDB)The collection of LSAs a link-state router holds, identical among all routers in the same area.Intermediate
- Link-State PDU (LSP)The IS-IS packet that carries a router's link-state information, analogous to an OSPF LSA.Intermediate
- Link-State Routing ProtocolA routing protocol class where every router floods topology information and independently computes shortest paths with SPF.Foundational
- LinkerdA lightweight CNCF graduated service mesh that uses its own Rust-based micro-proxy to add mTLS, reliability, and observability.Advanced
- LintingAutomated static checking of source code or configuration for style issues, errors, and suspicious constructs.Foundational
- Linux Boot ProcessThe sequence of firmware, boot loader, kernel, initramfs and init system that brings a Linux host to an operational state.Intermediate
- Linux DistributionA complete operating system built on the Linux kernel with packaging, tools, and desktop environments.Foundational
- Linux File PermissionsThe read, write and execute (rwx) access bits that Linux assigns separately to a file's owner, group and others.Foundational
- Linux KernelThe core of the Linux operating system that manages CPU scheduling, memory, devices, filesystems and networking.Foundational
- Linux NamespacesA Linux kernel feature that isolates process views of system resources such as PIDs, network, mounts, users, IPC, and hostnames.Advanced
- Linux SignalsSoftware interrupts sent to processes to request actions such as terminate, reload or stop, using commands like kill.Foundational
- Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS)Standard Linux disk encryption format built on dm-crypt that supports multiple passphrase key slots.Intermediate
- Lip SyncThe alignment of audio with corresponding video so speech matches lip movement.Intermediate
- Liquid ClusteringA Delta Lake data layout feature that incrementally clusters data by chosen keys, which can be changed without rewriting the table.Advanced
- Liquid CoolingA cooling method that pumps coolant through a block on the CPU or GPU to a radiator with fans.Intermediate
- Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)A flat-panel display that uses liquid crystals and a backlight to produce images.Foundational
- ListDisplay of multiple records from a table in rows, with filtering, sorting, grouping and list editing.Foundational
- List ViewFiltered, sortable table of records of one object that users can create and share.Foundational
- Lithium-Ion Battery (Li-ion)The rechargeable battery chemistry used in laptops, phones, and tablets.Foundational
- Little's LawQueueing theorem stating average cycle time = average WIP / average throughput.Intermediate
- Live AcquisitionCollecting evidence from a running system, capturing volatile data before it is lost.Intermediate
- Live ConnectionQuerying the data source directly each time a view is rendered, so results reflect current data.Foundational
- Live MigrationMoving a running VM from one host to another with no perceptible downtime, as in Hyper-V Live Migration or KVM live migration.Intermediate
- Liveness ProbeA Kubernetes health check that restarts a container when it fails, indicating the container is unhealthy or stuck.Intermediate
- Living off the Land (LotL)An attacker technique of using tools already present on the target system to blend in and avoid detection.Intermediate
- Living Off the Land Binaries (LOLBins)Legitimate, signed operating system binaries that attackers abuse to download, execute or hide malicious activity.Advanced
- LLM-as-a-JudgeUsing a language model to grade or compare outputs of another model against a rubric.Intermediate
- LLMOpsOperational practices for deploying and managing large language model applications in production.Intermediate
- Load AverageThe average number of processes running or waiting for CPU or uninterruptible I/O over 1, 5 and 15 minutes on Linux.Intermediate
- Load BalancerA device or service that distributes client requests across multiple servers to improve performance and availability.Foundational
- Load Balancing HashThe algorithm that selects which member link of an EtherChannel or ECMP group carries a flow, based on header fields.Intermediate
- LoaderFirst-stage malware that downloads or decrypts and executes additional payloads on a compromised system.Advanced
- LobbyA meeting waiting area where participants wait until the host admits them.Foundational
- Local AccountA user account stored only on one computer's Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database.Foundational
- Local Area Network (LAN)A network covering a limited area such as a home, office or building, usually owned and managed by one organization.Foundational
- Local File Inclusion (LFI)A vulnerability where an application includes or reads a local file whose path is controlled by user input.Intermediate
- Local Gateway (LGW)A customer-premises CUBE that connects Webex Calling to an existing PSTN provider or on-premises call control.Intermediate
- Local Kubernetes ClusterA single-machine Kubernetes environment for development and testing, such as minikube, kind, k3d, or Docker Desktop Kubernetes.Foundational
- Local Media Optimization (LMO)A Teams Direct Routing feature that keeps media local between users and SBCs based on user location and SBC topology.Advanced
- Local ModeDefault Cisco AP mode that serves clients and tunnels all client traffic to the WLC through CAPWAP.Intermediate
- Local Preference (LOCAL_PREF)A well-known discretionary BGP attribute shared among iBGP peers; the highest value is preferred for outbound traffic from the AS.Intermediate
- Local Route Group (LRG)A CUCM feature that resolves a placeholder route group to the gateway assigned in the calling device's device pool.Advanced
- Local Security Policy (secpol.msc)A Windows console for configuring security settings such as password, lockout, and audit policies on a single computer.Intermediate
- Local Users and Groups (lusrmgr.msc)A Windows console for managing local user accounts and group memberships.Foundational
- LocalhostThe hostname that resolves to the local machine's loopback address, 127.0.0.1 or ::1.Foundational
- Localized PolicyA Cisco SD-WAN policy configured on WAN Edge devices for QoS, ACLs and route policy affecting local behavior.Advanced
- Locally Significant Certificate (LSC)A certificate installed on a Cisco IP phone by CAPF, used for TLS when the phone registers in a secure mode.Advanced
- Location-Based Routing (LBR)A Teams Direct Routing feature that restricts toll bypass by routing PSTN calls according to the user's network site.Advanced
- Locations-Based Call Admission ControlCUCM CAC that assigns devices to locations with bandwidth limits and rejects or reroutes calls when a link's budget is exhausted.Intermediate
- Locator ApplicationA service that shows a lost device's location and can lock, ring, or wipe it.Foundational
- Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP)A protocol that separates endpoint identity (EID) from location (RLOC) using a mapping system, used as the SD-Access control plane.Advanced
- LockingThe mechanism that controls concurrent access by placing shared (read) or exclusive (write) locks on resources.Intermediate
- Log AggregationCollecting logs from many systems into a central store for search, correlation, retention, and alerting.Foundational
- Log Analytics WorkspaceAzure Monitor data store where log data is collected and queried with Kusto Query Language (KQL).Intermediate
- Log InjectionWriting unvalidated user input to logs, allowing forged entries, log parsing exploits or injection into log viewers.Intermediate
- Log NormalizationConverting logs from different formats into a common schema so they can be correlated and searched consistently.Intermediate
- Log RetentionPolicy defining how long logs are stored, balancing investigation needs, compliance requirements and cost.Intermediate
- Log ShippingA disaster-recovery method that automatically backs up transaction logs on a primary and restores them on secondary servers.Advanced
- Log TamperingModifying, deleting or disabling logs to hide malicious activity.Intermediate
- Log4ShellA critical 2021 remote code execution vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228) in Apache Log4j 2 caused by JNDI lookups in logged strings.Foundational
- Logic BombMalicious code that lies dormant until a specific condition, such as a date or event, triggers its payload.Foundational
- Logical Data ModelA detailed, technology-independent model that defines entities, attributes, keys, relationships and normalization.Intermediate
- Logical Relationship TypesThe four dependency types between activities: finish-to-start, start-to-start, finish-to-finish, and start-to-finish.Intermediate
- Logical TopologyThe way data flows through a network and how devices communicate, independent of physical cabling.Foundational
- Logical Unit Number (LUN)An identifier for a logical block device presented by a storage system to hosts; commonly used to mean the volume itself.Foundational
- Logical Volume (LV)In LVM, a virtual block device allocated from a volume group that is formatted and mounted like a partition.Intermediate
- Logical Volume Manager (LVM)A Linux storage layer that pools physical disks into volume groups and carves flexible, resizable logical volumes from them.Intermediate
- Login AsAdmin feature to log in as another user to troubleshoot their experience, subject to org settings.Foundational
- Login BannerWarning message displayed before or at sign-in stating that use is monitored and unauthorized access is prohibited.Foundational
- Login HistoryRecord of user login attempts for the past six months, including source IP, status and login type.Foundational
- Login HoursProfile setting defining the days and times users can log in.Foundational
- Login IP RangesProfile setting restricting login to specified IP addresses; logins outside the range are denied.Foundational
- Logistic RegressionA classification algorithm that applies the sigmoid function to a linear combination of features to output a probability.Foundational
- logrotateA Linux utility that rotates, compresses and removes old log files on a schedule to control disk usage.Intermediate
- LokiA horizontally scalable log aggregation system from Grafana Labs that indexes only log labels, not full log content.Advanced
- Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)An RNN variant with gates that control what information to keep, forget and output, enabling long-range memory.Intermediate
- Long-Term Evolution (LTE)The 3GPP 4G cellular standard using OFDMA downlink, SC-FDMA uplink, and an all-IP Evolved Packet Core.Foundational
- Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC)A Windows Enterprise release that receives security updates for years without feature updates.Advanced
- Longest Prefix Match (LPM)The forwarding rule that the route with the most specific (longest) matching prefix is used, regardless of AD or metric.Foundational
- LookerGoogle Cloud's enterprise BI platform built on LookML, a semantic modeling layer that defines governed metrics over SQL databases.Intermediate
- Looker StudioGoogle's free, self-service dashboard and reporting tool (formerly Data Studio) that connects to Google Sheets, BigQuery and many other sources.Foundational
- LookMLLooker's modeling language for defining dimensions, measures, joins (explores) and views over SQL tables.Advanced
- LookupA Splunk knowledge object that enriches events by matching field values against an external table or source.Intermediate
- Lookup RelationshipLoosely coupled relationship linking one record to another, where the child has its own owner and sharing.Foundational
- Loop ElementFlow element that iterates over a collection one item at a time.Foundational
- Loop GuardAn STP feature that stops a non-designated port from becoming designated when BPDUs stop arriving, preventing loops from unidirectional links.Advanced
- Loop-Free Alternate (LFA)A precomputed backup next hop that is guaranteed loop-free, enabling sub-50 ms IGP fast reroute.Advanced
- Loopback AddressAn address that refers to the local host itself; 127.0.0.0/8 in IPv4 (usually 127.0.0.1) and ::1 in IPv6.Foundational
- Loopback InterfaceA logical, always-up router interface used for management, router IDs and stable peering addresses.Foundational
- Loopback PlugA connector that routes a port's transmit pins back to its receive pins to test the port itself without a network.Foundational
- Loose CouplingDesign principle where components interact through well-defined interfaces or queues so failure or change in one does not break others.Foundational
- LoRaWANA low-power wide-area network protocol using LoRa chirp spread spectrum in sub-GHz unlicensed bands.Intermediate
- Loss FunctionA function that measures how far a model's predictions are from the true values; training minimizes it.Intermediate
- Lost in the MiddleThe tendency of some LLMs to use information at the start and end of a long context better than information in the middle.Advanced
- Lost UpdateAn anomaly in which two transactions read the same value and both write back, so one overwrites the other's change.Advanced
- Loudspeaker ImpedanceThe nominal AC resistance of a loudspeaker, such as 4 or 8 ohms, which determines the load presented to an amplifier.Foundational
- Low Latency Queuing (LLQ)CBWFQ with a strict priority queue for real-time traffic, policed during congestion to prevent starvation of other classes.Intermediate
- Low Power Indoor (LPI)A 6 GHz device class limited to indoor use and lower power without requiring AFC.Intermediate
- Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC)A high-performance error-correcting code optional in 802.11n/ac and required for most 802.11ax/be rates.Advanced
- Low-Power DDR (LPDDR)A low-voltage variant of DDR memory used in phones, tablets, and thin laptops, usually soldered.Intermediate
- Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA)A PEFT method that freezes base weights and trains small low-rank matrices added to selected layers.Intermediate
- ls CommandA Linux/macOS command that lists directory contents.Foundational
- lsblkA Linux command that lists block devices in a tree, showing disks, partitions, LVM volumes and their mount points.Foundational
- lsofA Linux command that lists open files and the processes using them, including network sockets.Intermediate
- Lucent Connector (LC)A small form-factor fiber connector with a 1.25 mm ferrule and push-pull latch, usually used as a duplex pair.Foundational
- LUN MaskingAn array-side access control that makes a LUN visible only to specified host initiators.Intermediate
- LVM SnapshotA point-in-time copy of a logical volume that uses copy-on-write to record changes, commonly used for consistent backups.Advanced