Certification terms: A
684 study terms starting with A.
684 terms
- A Guide to the Business Analysis Body of Knowledge (BABOK Guide)IIBA's globally recognized standard for business analysis practice, currently version 3.Foundational
- A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)PMI's foundational standard and guide describing project management principles, performance domains, and practices.Foundational
- A RecordA DNS record that maps a host name to an IPv4 address.Foundational
- A/B TestingExperimentation that serves different variants to user groups and compares business metrics to decide which performs better.Foundational
- AAAA RecordA DNS record that maps a host name to an IPv6 address.Foundational
- ABAP EnvironmentBTP platform-as-a-service for developing cloud-ready ABAP extensions using ABAP Cloud and released APIs (also called Steampunk).Intermediate
- Ability to Innovate (A2I)EBM Key Value Area measuring the organization's capability to deliver new capabilities that meet needs.Advanced
- AbsorptionConversion of RF energy into heat as a signal passes through a material.Foundational
- Abuse CaseA description of how a user could intentionally misuse a system's functionality to cause harm, used to derive security requirements and tests.Intermediate
- Acceptable Use Policy (AUP)Policy defining permitted and prohibited uses of organizational systems, networks, and data by users.Foundational
- Acceptance CriteriaConditions a product or backlog item must satisfy to be accepted by the product owner or customer.Foundational
- Accepted DeliverablesProducts, results, or capabilities produced by a project and validated by the customer or sponsor as meeting acceptance criteria.Foundational
- Access CategoryOne of four WMM traffic queues: voice (AC_VO), video (AC_VI), best effort (AC_BE), and background (AC_BK).Intermediate
- Access ControlSecurity mechanisms that determine who or what can view, use, or change resources, and under what conditions.Foundational
- Access Control List (ACL)Ordered list of rules attached to an object or interface that permits or denies access to specific subjects or traffic.Foundational
- Access Control List (ServiceNow) (ACL)Security rule granting create, read, write or delete access to tables and fields based on roles, conditions and scripts.Intermediate
- Access Control VestibuleSmall space with two interlocking doors where only one opens at a time, preventing tailgating; formerly called a mantrap.Foundational
- Access LayerThe edge layer of a hierarchical network where end devices connect.Intermediate
- Access PortA switch port that carries traffic for a single data VLAN (plus optionally a voice VLAN) without tagging.Foundational
- Access ReviewPeriodic verification by managers or owners that users' access rights are still appropriate.Intermediate
- Access TokenCredential issued by an authorization server that a client presents to an API to access protected resources.Intermediate
- Accessible VisualizationDesigning charts that people with disabilities, including color-vision deficiency and screen-reader users, can perceive and understand.Intermediate
- AccountStandard object representing a company or organization (or individual with person accounts) that you do business with.Foundational
- Account (ServiceNow CSM)Company record representing a B2B customer or partner in CSM, with hierarchies and relationships.Foundational
- Account EngagementSalesforce's B2B marketing automation platform, formerly known as Pardot.Foundational
- Account HierarchyStructure of parent and subsidiary accounts built with the Parent Account lookup field.Foundational
- Account LockoutDisabling an account temporarily or permanently after a set number of failed login attempts.Foundational
- Account RoleRole created under a partner or customer account for role-based external users (Executive, Manager, User).Advanced
- Account Takeover (ATO)Unauthorized control of a legitimate user account, typically through stolen credentials or session tokens.Intermediate
- Account TeamGroup of users who work together on an account, each with a team role and record access level.Intermediate
- ACCOUNT_USAGE SchemaA schema in the shared SNOWFLAKE database with account-wide metadata and usage views such as QUERY_HISTORY, WAREHOUSE_METERING_HISTORY and ACCESS_HISTORY.Advanced
- AccountabilityThe ability to trace actions on a system to a unique, authenticated identity.Foundational
- Accumulating Snapshot Fact TableA fact table with one row per process instance, such as an order, that is updated as the process passes milestones.Advanced
- AccuracyThe fraction of all predictions that are correct: (TP + TN) / total.Foundational
- ACI TenantA logical container in Cisco ACI that isolates policy, VRFs, bridge domains and EPGs for a customer, business unit or environment.Intermediate
- ACIDThe four properties of reliable transactions: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability.Foundational
- Acknowledgment FrameA control frame confirming successful receipt of a unicast frame.Intermediate
- Acknowledgment NumberThe TCP field indicating the next byte the receiver expects, implicitly acknowledging all prior bytes.Intermediate
- Acoustic Echo Cancellation (AEC)DSP processing that removes far-end audio picked up by local microphones so remote participants do not hear their own voices.Intermediate
- ActionA reusable unit of code for GitHub Actions workflows, implemented as JavaScript, a Docker container, or a composite of steps.Intermediate
- Action (ServiceNow)Reusable operation in Flow Designer, such as Create Record, Look Up Record, Ask for Approval, or a custom scripted or REST step.Intermediate
- Action FrameA management frame subtype used to request or perform specific actions such as block ACK setup or neighbor reports.Advanced
- ActivationProcess of publishing a segment and selected attributes to a target system such as Marketing Cloud or an ad platform.Intermediate
- Activation FunctionA nonlinear function applied to a neuron's output that lets networks learn complex patterns.Foundational
- Activation LockAn Apple security feature that ties a device to an Apple Account so it cannot be reused after a wipe without credentials.Intermediate
- Activation TargetConfigured destination (such as Marketing Cloud Engagement, cloud storage or advertising platforms) for segment activations.Intermediate
- Active Directory (AD)Microsoft's on-premises directory service for Windows domains, using LDAP, Kerberos, and DNS.Foundational
- Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)The Windows Server role that implements a public key infrastructure for issuing and managing digital certificates.Advanced
- Active Directory DomainA logical AD boundary of administration, replication and authentication sharing a common directory database and DNS namespace.Foundational
- Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)Microsoft's on-premises directory service that stores users, computers and groups and provides authentication and policy for Windows domains.Foundational
- Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)A Windows Server role providing claims-based single sign-on to external applications using SAML, WS-Federation and OpenID Connect.Advanced
- Active Directory Recycle BinAn optional AD feature that lets deleted objects be restored with all attributes and group memberships intact.Intermediate
- Active Directory ReplicationThe multi-master process that synchronizes directory changes among domain controllers within and between sites.Advanced
- Active Directory SiteAn AD object representing a well-connected physical location, defined by IP subnets, used to control replication and client DC selection.Intermediate
- Active Directory Users and Computers (ADUC)The classic MMC console for managing AD users, groups, computers and OUs.Foundational
- Active Directory-Integrated DNS ZoneA DNS zone stored in the AD database and replicated with AD, supporting multi-master updates and secure dynamic updates.Intermediate
- Active Geo-ReplicationAn Azure SQL Database feature that maintains up to four readable secondary databases in the same or other regions using asynchronous replication.Advanced
- Active ListeningA communication skill of fully focusing on, understanding, and confirming what the user says.Foundational
- Active ReconnaissanceGathering information by directly interacting with target systems, such as scanning or probing services.Foundational
- Active RelationshipThe single relationship between two Power BI tables that propagates filters by default; additional relationships are inactive.Intermediate
- Active ScanningDiscovering APs by transmitting probe requests on channels and listening for responses.Intermediate
- ActivityA distinct, scheduled portion of work performed during the course of a project.Foundational
- Activity MonitorThe macOS app that shows CPU, memory, energy, disk, and network usage by process.Foundational
- Activity SetGroup of activities within a lifecycle event that triggers together based on conditions or time.Advanced
- Activity StreamForm area showing the history of journal entries, field changes, emails and attachments on a record.Foundational
- Actual CostThe realized cost incurred for the work performed on an activity during a specific time period.Foundational
- AdamAdaptive Moment Estimation: an optimizer combining momentum with per-parameter adaptive learning rates.Intermediate
- Adaptive ApproachA development approach in which requirements are elaborated and refined iteratively as the project proceeds.Foundational
- Adaptive Query Execution (AQE)A Spark 3 feature that re-optimizes query plans at run time using actual shuffle statistics.Advanced
- Additive MeasureA fact that can be summed meaningfully across every dimension, such as sales amount or quantity.Intermediate
- Address FamilyA BGP (or other protocol) configuration context identifying a type of network layer information, such as IPv4 unicast or L2VPN EVPN.Advanced
- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)The protocol (RFC 826) that resolves a known IPv4 address to the corresponding MAC address on the local network.Foundational
- Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR)An OS exploit mitigation that randomizes where code, stack, heap and libraries are loaded in memory.Intermediate
- AddressSanitizer (ASan)A compiler-based runtime memory error detector that finds buffer overflows, use-after-free and similar bugs during testing.Advanced
- Adequacy DecisionEuropean Commission determination that a non-EU country provides essentially equivalent data protection.Intermediate
- Adj-RIB-InThe conceptual BGP table holding unprocessed routes received from a specific peer before inbound policy.Advanced
- Adjacency SIDA local segment that forces a packet across a specific IGP adjacency (link), regardless of shortest path.Advanced
- Adjacency TableThe CEF table holding Layer 2 rewrite information for each next hop, built from ARP and other resolution protocols.Advanced
- Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)Corruption caused by transmitters on overlapping or nearby channels.Intermediate
- Administrative ControlA security control based on policies, procedures, training, and personnel management.Foundational
- Administrative DistanceA Cisco value (0-255) ranking the trustworthiness of route sources; the lowest AD wins when protocols offer the same prefix.Foundational
- Administrative ShareA hidden default Windows share, such as C$ or ADMIN$, used for remote administration.Intermediate
- AdmissibilityWhether evidence meets legal standards to be accepted in court, such as relevance, reliability and proper handling.Intermediate
- Admission ControlA vSphere HA policy that reserves cluster capacity so VMs can be restarted after host failures.Intermediate
- Admission ControllerA Kubernetes API server plugin that intercepts requests after authentication and authorization to validate or mutate objects before persistence.Advanced
- Advanced Currency Management (ACM)Feature using dated exchange rates so opportunity amounts convert by the rate on the close date.Advanced
- Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)NIST-standard symmetric block cipher (Rijndael) with a 128-bit block and 128-, 192-, or 256-bit keys.Foundational
- Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)The storage controller mode that enables SATA features like native command queuing and hot-plugging.Intermediate
- Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)A well-resourced, stealthy adversary that gains long-term access to a target to steal data or prepare for disruption.Intermediate
- Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)The most common desktop motherboard and power supply form factor, measuring 12 x 9.6 inches.Foundational
- Adversarial ExampleAn input deliberately perturbed, often imperceptibly, to cause a model to make a wrong prediction.Intermediate
- Adversary EmulationTesting defenses by replicating the specific TTPs of a known threat actor.Advanced
- Adversary-in-the-Middle Phishing (AiTM)Phishing that proxies a real login session to steal both credentials and session cookies, bypassing traditional MFA.Advanced
- AdwareSoftware that displays unwanted advertisements, often bundled with free applications.Foundational
- AES3The professional standard for transmitting two channels of digital audio over balanced 110-ohm cable with XLR connectors.Intermediate
- AES67An AES interoperability standard for high-performance audio over IP using RTP, PTPv2 and common audio formats.Advanced
- Affinity DiagramTechnique for organizing a large number of ideas into groups based on natural relationships.Foundational
- Affinity EstimatingTechnique of quickly grouping many items into size categories by placing them relative to one another.Intermediate
- AFL++A widely used open-source coverage-guided fuzzer, the community-maintained successor to American Fuzzy Lop.Advanced
- After-Action Report (AAR)A formal document summarizing an incident or exercise, its timeline, outcomes and recommendations.Intermediate
- After-Save FlowRecord-triggered flow (Actions and Related Records) that runs after the record is saved, with access to its ID.Intermediate
- AGDLPThe Microsoft group nesting strategy: Accounts go into Global groups, which go into Domain Local groups, which receive Permissions.Intermediate
- Agent ActionTask an agent can perform, implemented as a flow, Apex invocable method, prompt template, API or MuleSoft call.Intermediate
- Agent APIREST API for starting sessions and exchanging messages with Agentforce agents from external applications.Advanced
- Agent Development Kit (ADK)Google's open-source framework for building, evaluating and deploying multi-agent systems.Advanced
- Agent InstructionsNatural-language guidance within a topic that tells the agent how to behave, which actions to use and what rules to follow.Intermediate
- Agent LoopThe repeated cycle in which an agent calls the model, executes requested tools and feeds results back until the task completes.Intermediate
- Agent MemoryMechanisms that let an agent retain information within a task (short-term) and across sessions (long-term).Intermediate
- Agent SkillsPackaged folders of instructions, scripts and resources that Claude loads on demand to perform specialized tasks.Advanced
- Agent StateThe current availability status of a contact center agent, such as Ready, Not Ready, Talking, Reserved or Work.Foundational
- Agent TopicCategory of jobs an agent can do, defined by a classification description, scope, instructions and assigned actions.Intermediate
- Agent-Based ScanningVulnerability assessment using software agents installed on endpoints that report findings to a central console.Intermediate
- Agent2Agent Protocol (A2A)An open protocol, introduced by Google and now under the Linux Foundation, for communication and task delegation between AI agents.Advanced
- AgentforceSalesforce's platform for building and deploying autonomous AI agents across Salesforce CRM data and workflows.Intermediate
- Agentforce AgentConfigured AI agent with a role, topics, instructions and actions, deployed to employees or customers.Foundational
- Agentforce BuilderLow-code workspace for creating, configuring, testing and activating Agentforce agents.Intermediate
- Agentforce Data LibraryFeature that indexes files or Knowledge articles in Data 360 so agents can answer questions grounded in them.Advanced
- Agentforce Testing CenterTool for batch-testing agents with generated or uploaded test cases to validate topic and action selection.Advanced
- Agentic AIAI systems that act with autonomy to plan and execute multi-step tasks toward goals, rather than only responding to single prompts.Foundational
- Agentic RAGRAG in which an agent decides when, where and how to retrieve, possibly over multiple iterations and sources.Advanced
- Aggregate FunctionA function that computes one value from a set of rows, such as SUM, AVG, COUNT, MIN, MAX, STDDEV or LISTAGG.Foundational
- Aggregate MAC Protocol Data Unit (A-MPDU)Multiple MPDUs, each with its own MAC header and FCS, combined into one PPDU.Advanced
- Aggregate MAC Service Data Unit (A-MSDU)Multiple MSDUs combined under one MAC header and FCS.Advanced
- Aggregate QuerySOQL query using functions such as COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN and MAX with GROUP BY, returning AggregateResult objects.Intermediate
- Aggregate RouteA Junos summary route defined under routing-options aggregate that is active when at least one contributing more-specific route exists.Intermediate
- Aggregated EthernetJuniper Junos link aggregation interface (aeX) that bundles physical links with or without LACP.Intermediate
- Agile ContractingContract approaches that accommodate changing scope while managing buyer and seller risk.Advanced
- Agile DevelopmentSPM application supporting Scrum and SAFe with products, epics, stories, sprints and release teams.Intermediate
- Agile ManifestoThe 2001 Manifesto for Agile Software Development, stating four values and twelve principles.Foundational
- Agile Practice GuidePMI and Agile Alliance guide on applying agile approaches, published with PMBOK 6 in 2017.Intermediate
- Agile PrinciplesThe twelve principles behind the Agile Manifesto.Foundational
- Agile Release Train (ART)A long-lived team of agile teams that incrementally develops, delivers, and often operates one or more solutions in a value stream.Foundational
- Agreed-Upon Procedures (AUP)Engagement in which a practitioner performs specific procedures agreed with the client and reports factual findings without an opinion.Advanced
- AI AgentAn AI system that uses a model to pursue a goal autonomously by planning, calling tools and acting on results in a loop.Foundational
- AI Agent StudioServiceNow environment for creating, configuring and testing AI agents and agentic workflows.Advanced
- AI AlignmentThe effort to ensure AI systems pursue goals and behave in accordance with human intentions and values.Intermediate
- AI Go/No-Go DecisionCPMAI checkpoint assessing whether an AI project should proceed based on business, data, and implementation feasibility.Intermediate
- AI GovernanceThe policies, roles, processes and controls that direct and oversee how an organization develops and uses AI.Foundational
- AI Impact AssessmentAssessment of potential effects of an AI system on individuals, groups, and society across its life cycle.Intermediate
- AI Provider and DeployerEU AI Act roles: providers develop or place AI on the market under their name; deployers use AI systems under their authority.Advanced
- AI Red TeamingAdversarially testing AI systems to discover harmful behaviors, security flaws and safety failures before attackers do.Intermediate
- AI SafetyThe field focused on preventing AI systems from causing accidental or deliberate harm.Foundational
- AI Supply Chain SecurityProtecting the integrity of models, datasets, libraries and services used to build AI systems.Advanced
- AI-Enhanced RRMCisco RRM computed in the cloud with historical data via Catalyst Center to optimize RF over time.Advanced
- Air GapPhysically isolating a system or network from all other networks, including the internet.Foundational
- Air-Gapped BackupA backup copy that is physically or logically isolated from production networks so attackers cannot reach it.Intermediate
- AirMatchHPE Aruba Networking's centralized RF optimization that computes channel, width, and power plans.Advanced
- Airplane ModeA device setting that disables cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth radios.Foundational
- AirPrintApple's driverless printing technology for macOS and iOS devices on the local network.Intermediate
- AirtimeThe amount of time on the shared medium consumed by a transmission or client.Intermediate
- Airtime Fairness (ATF)A feature that allocates airtime more evenly among clients or SSIDs rather than per frame.Intermediate
- Aisle ContainmentPhysically enclosing hot aisles or cold aisles with doors, panels or roofs to prevent mixing of hot and cold air.Intermediate
- AlertRecord generated from one or more correlated events indicating a condition requiring attention on a CI.Intermediate
- Alert FatigueDesensitization of responders caused by too many, too noisy, or non-actionable alerts, leading to missed real incidents.Foundational
- AlertmanagerThe Prometheus component that deduplicates, groups, routes, silences, and inhibits alerts and sends notifications.Intermediate
- Algorithmic BiasSystematic, unfair errors in AI outputs that disadvantage certain groups, often inherited from data.Foundational
- AliasingDistortion created when frequencies above half the sampling rate are sampled and appear as false lower frequencies.Intermediate
- ALL FunctionA DAX function that returns all rows of a table or column, ignoring filters; inside CALCULATE it removes filters (like REMOVEFILTERS).Advanced
- All Subscribers ListMaster list in Marketing Cloud Engagement holding every subscriber and their overall subscription status.Intermediate
- All-Nodes Multicast AddressThe link-local multicast group ff02::1, which every IPv6 node joins and which functions like a link broadcast.Intermediate
- All-ReduceA collective operation that combines values (such as gradients) from all processes and distributes the result back to all.Advanced
- All-Routers Multicast AddressThe link-local multicast group ff02::2, which every IPv6 router joins.Intermediate
- Allowas-InA BGP option permitting a router to accept routes containing its own ASN in the AS_PATH.Advanced
- Allowed VLAN ListThe set of VLANs permitted to traverse a trunk, all VLANs (1-4094) by default on Cisco.Foundational
- Allowlist ValidationInput validation that accepts only values matching a known-good pattern or set and rejects everything else.Foundational
- AlloyDB for PostgreSQLGoogle Cloud fully managed PostgreSQL-compatible database built for high performance transactional and analytical workloads.Advanced
- ALTER TABLE StatementThe DDL statement that changes an existing table's structure, such as adding, dropping or modifying columns and constraints.Foundational
- Alternate Data Stream (ADS)An NTFS feature allowing additional data streams to be attached to a file, which can hide data or malicious code.Advanced
- Alternate KeyA candidate key that was not chosen as the primary key, usually enforced with a UNIQUE constraint.Intermediate
- Alternate PortAn RSTP port role for a discarding port that provides a backup path to the root bridge via another switch.Intermediate
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)Methods such as mediation and arbitration used to resolve contract disputes without litigation.Intermediate
- Alternative Hypothesis (H1)The claim that there is an effect or difference, accepted when the null hypothesis is rejected.Foundational
- Always EncryptedA SQL Server and Azure SQL feature that encrypts sensitive columns on the client so the database engine and DBAs never see plaintext.Advanced
- Always On Availability Groups (AG)A SQL Server high-availability and disaster-recovery feature that replicates a group of databases to secondary replicas with automatic or manual failover.Advanced
- Amazon API GatewayAWS fully managed service to create, publish, secure and monitor REST, HTTP and WebSocket APIs.Intermediate
- Amazon AthenaServerless interactive query service that runs SQL directly on data in Amazon S3, billed per data scanned.Foundational
- Amazon AuroraAWS cloud-native relational database compatible with MySQL and PostgreSQL, with distributed, self-healing storage.Intermediate
- Amazon BedrockAWS's fully managed service for building generative AI applications with foundation models through a single API.Foundational
- Amazon Bedrock AgentCoreAWS services for deploying and operating AI agents securely at scale with any framework or model.Advanced
- Amazon Bedrock GuardrailsConfigurable safeguards for Bedrock and other model applications: content filters, denied topics, PII redaction, grounding checks and more.Intermediate
- Amazon Bedrock Knowledge BasesA managed Bedrock feature that implements RAG: ingestion, chunking, embedding, vector storage and retrieval.Intermediate
- Amazon CloudFrontAWS content delivery network that caches and delivers content from edge locations worldwide with low latency.Foundational
- Amazon CloudWatchAWS monitoring and observability service for metrics, logs, alarms, dashboards and events.Foundational
- Amazon CognitoAWS service providing customer identity: user sign-up/sign-in (user pools) and temporary AWS credentials for app users (identity pools).Intermediate
- Amazon Data FirehoseA managed service (formerly Kinesis Data Firehose) that buffers and delivers streaming data to S3, Redshift, OpenSearch, Snowflake and more.Intermediate
- Amazon DetectiveAWS service that builds behavior graphs from logs to help investigate the root cause of security findings.Advanced
- Amazon DocumentDBAWS managed document database with MongoDB API compatibility.Intermediate
- Amazon DynamoDBAWS fully managed serverless NoSQL key-value and document database delivering single-digit millisecond performance at any scale.Foundational
- Amazon EC2 Auto ScalingAWS service that automatically adjusts the number of EC2 instances in an Auto Scaling group to maintain availability and match demand.Foundational
- Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS)AWS block storage volumes that attach to EC2 instances and persist independently of instance life.Foundational
- Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)AWS IaaS service providing resizable virtual servers (instances) billed per second or hour.Foundational
- Amazon Elastic File System (EFS)AWS fully managed, elastic NFS file system for Linux workloads that can be mounted by many instances across AZs.Foundational
- Amazon ElastiCacheAWS managed in-memory caching service compatible with Valkey, Redis OSS and Memcached.Intermediate
- Amazon EMRAWS's managed big data platform for running Spark, Hive, Presto/Trino, Flink and other open-source frameworks on EC2, EKS or serverless.Intermediate
- Amazon EventBridgeAWS serverless event bus that routes events from AWS services, SaaS apps and custom sources to targets using rules.Intermediate
- Amazon FSxAWS family of managed file systems: FSx for Windows File Server, Lustre, NetApp ONTAP and OpenZFS.Intermediate
- Amazon GuardDutyAWS intelligent threat detection service analyzing CloudTrail, VPC Flow Logs and DNS logs to find malicious activity.Intermediate
- Amazon InspectorAWS automated vulnerability management service that scans EC2 instances, container images and Lambda functions.Intermediate
- Amazon Kinesis Data Streams (KDS)A managed AWS service for real-time streaming data, with shards that store ordered records for custom consumers to replay.Intermediate
- Amazon LightsailSimplified AWS service offering virtual private servers, databases and load balancers at a predictable monthly price.Foundational
- Amazon Machine Image (AMI)Template containing the OS, software and configuration used to launch EC2 instances.Foundational
- Amazon MacieAWS data security service that uses machine learning and pattern matching to discover sensitive data such as PII in Amazon S3.Intermediate
- Amazon NeptuneAWS fully managed graph database supporting property graph (Gremlin, openCypher) and RDF (SPARQL) models.Intermediate
- Amazon QAWS's generative AI assistant family: Amazon Q Business for enterprise knowledge and Amazon Q Developer for software development.Foundational
- Amazon QuickSightAWS's serverless business intelligence service for dashboards, paginated reports and natural-language queries.Intermediate
- Amazon RDS ProxyManaged database proxy that pools and shares connections to RDS and Aurora, improving scalability and failover resilience.Advanced
- Amazon RedshiftAWS fully managed, petabyte-scale columnar data warehouse for analytics using SQL.Foundational
- Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)AWS managed relational database service for MySQL, PostgreSQL, MariaDB, Oracle, SQL Server and Db2.Foundational
- Amazon Route 53AWS highly available DNS service providing domain registration, DNS routing and health checking.Foundational
- Amazon S3 GlacierFamily of low-cost S3 archive storage classes: Glacier Instant Retrieval, Glacier Flexible Retrieval and Glacier Deep Archive.Foundational
- Amazon SageMaker AIAWS's fully managed service to build, train, tune, deploy and monitor machine learning models.Foundational
- Amazon SageMaker CanvasA no-code SageMaker AI interface for preparing data, building ML models and using generative AI.Intermediate
- Amazon SageMaker ClarifyA SageMaker AI capability for detecting bias in data and models and explaining predictions.Intermediate
- Amazon SageMaker Ground TruthAWS service for creating labeled training datasets using human workforces and automated labeling.Intermediate
- Amazon SageMaker JumpStartA SageMaker AI hub of pretrained and foundation models and solutions that can be deployed and fine-tuned in your account.Intermediate
- Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS)AWS managed pub/sub messaging service that pushes messages from topics to many subscribers.Foundational
- Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS)AWS fully managed message queue for decoupling application components; offered as Standard and FIFO queues.Foundational
- Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)AWS object storage service offering virtually unlimited capacity with 99.999999999 percent (11 nines) durability.Foundational
- Amazon WorkSpacesAWS managed Desktop as a Service providing persistent Windows or Linux virtual desktops.Foundational
- AmcacheA Windows registry hive (Amcache.hve) that records information about executables present or run on the system, including SHA-1 hashes.Advanced
- Amplification AttackA DDoS technique that sends small spoofed requests to services that return much larger responses to the victim.Intermediate
- AmplitudeThe height or strength of an RF wave, corresponding to signal power.Foundational
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)Modulation that represents data by changing the carrier's amplitude.Intermediate
- AMPscriptMarketing Cloud scripting language for dynamic content, personalization and data lookups in emails, SMS and landing pages.Intermediate
- Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA)A small device that connects analog phones or fax machines to an IP telephony system by providing FXS ports.Foundational
- Analogous EstimatingTechnique for estimating duration or cost using historical data from a similar activity or project.Foundational
- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)A test of whether the means of three or more groups differ, by comparing between-group variance with within-group variance (the F-statistic).Intermediate
- AndonLean visual signal (cord, button, or light) used to alert that a problem has occurred and work should stop to address it.Intermediate
- AndroidGoogle's Linux-based open-source mobile operating system used by many device manufacturers.Foundational
- Android App SigningSigning Android apps with a developer key so the OS can verify app origin and ensure updates come from the same developer.Advanced
- Android EnterpriseGoogle's framework for managing Android devices in work profile, fully managed, and dedicated modes.Intermediate
- Android KeystoreAn Android system that stores cryptographic keys in a container that makes them hard to extract, often backed by secure hardware.Intermediate
- Android Network Security ConfigurationAn XML file that declares an Android app's network security settings, such as cleartext policy, trusted CAs and certificate pins.Advanced
- Android Runtime PermissionsAndroid's model requiring apps to request dangerous permissions, such as location or camera, from the user at runtime.Foundational
- Angle of Arrival (AoA)A location method that determines signal direction from phase differences across an antenna array.Advanced
- Angled Physical Contact (APC)A fiber end-face polish angled at 8 degrees to minimize back reflection, used in PON, FTTH and RF-over-fiber.Intermediate
- Annex AReference control set in ISO/IEC 27001 listing 93 information security controls in four themes.Intermediate
- AnnotationNon-identifying key-value metadata on Kubernetes objects used by tools and controllers, not for selection.Foundational
- Annualized Loss Expectancy (ALE)Expected yearly monetary loss from a risk: ALE = SLE x ARO.Foundational
- Annualized Rate of Occurrence (ARO)Estimated number of times a specific threat event is expected to occur in one year.Foundational
- AnnunciatorA CUCM software media resource that plays prerecorded announcements and tones to callers.Intermediate
- Anomaly DetectionIdentifying data points, events or patterns that deviate significantly from expected behavior.Intermediate
- Anomaly-Based DetectionDetecting threats by identifying deviations from an established baseline of normal behavior.Foundational
- AnonymizationIrreversibly transforming personal data so individuals can no longer be identified by any means reasonably likely to be used.Intermediate
- Anonymous ApexApex code executed on the fly without saving it to the org, run as the current user.Foundational
- ANSI SQLThe vendor-neutral SQL standard (ISO/IEC 9075) that defines core syntax and behavior that relational databases implement.Intermediate
- ANSI/TIA-568 Cabling StandardThe North American standard for commercial building telecommunications cabling.Intermediate
- AnsibleRed Hat's agentless, open-source automation tool that configures systems and network devices using YAML playbooks over SSH, WinRM, or APIs.Foundational
- Ansible Ad-Hoc CommandA one-off Ansible command run from the CLI to execute a single module against hosts without writing a playbook.Foundational
- Ansible Automation Platform (AAP)Red Hat's enterprise automation platform providing automation controller (formerly AWX/Tower), execution environments, Automation Hub, and Event-Driven Ansible.Advanced
- Ansible CollectionA distribution format bundling Ansible modules, plugins, roles, and playbooks under a namespace, shared via Ansible Galaxy or Automation Hub.Intermediate
- Ansible FactsSystem information that Ansible gathers from managed hosts at the start of a play and stores as variables.Intermediate
- Ansible HandlerAn Ansible task that runs only when notified by another task that reported a change, typically to restart services.Intermediate
- Ansible InventoryThe list of managed hosts and groups, with variables, that Ansible targets, written in INI or YAML or generated dynamically.Foundational
- Ansible ModuleA discrete unit of code that Ansible executes to perform a task, such as installing packages or configuring interfaces.Intermediate
- Ansible PlaybookA YAML file containing one or more plays that map groups of hosts to ordered tasks executed with Ansible modules.Foundational
- Ansible RoleA standardized directory structure that packages tasks, handlers, variables, templates, and files for reuse across playbooks.Intermediate
- Ansible VaultAn Ansible feature that encrypts sensitive variables and files with AES-256 so they can be stored in version control.Intermediate
- AntennaA device that converts electrical RF signals into radiated electromagnetic waves and back again.Foundational
- Antenna AlignmentAiming directional antennas precisely at each other to maximize received signal on a link.Intermediate
- Antenna ArrayMultiple antenna elements arranged to create a controllable combined radiation pattern.Advanced
- Antenna DiversityUsing multiple antennas to improve reception by selecting or combining the best signal.Intermediate
- Antenna GainThe increase in signal strength in a given direction achieved by focusing radiated energy.Foundational
- AnthropicAn AI safety and research company that builds the Claude models and created Constitutional AI and the Model Context Protocol.Foundational
- Anti JoinA join pattern that returns rows from one table that have no match in another.Intermediate
- Anti-CSRF TokenA secret, unpredictable value tied to the user's session that must accompany state-changing requests, proving they originated from the application.Foundational
- Anti-ForensicsTechniques used to hinder forensic investigation by destroying, hiding or falsifying evidence.Intermediate
- Anti-Rollback ProtectionA mechanism that prevents installing older, vulnerable firmware or software versions after an update.Advanced
- Anti-TamperingControls that detect or resist modification of an application's code, resources or runtime behavior.Intermediate
- Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI)A Windows interface that lets antimalware products scan script content and in-memory buffers at runtime.Advanced
- Antistatic BagA shielding bag used to store and transport static-sensitive components.Foundational
- Antistatic Wrist StrapA strap worn on the wrist and clipped to ground to keep a technician at the same potential as equipment.Foundational
- AnycastOne-to-nearest communication in which the same address is assigned to multiple nodes and routing delivers traffic to the closest one.Intermediate
- Anycast RPConfiguring the same RP address on multiple routers for redundancy and load sharing, synchronized by MSDP or PIM.Advanced
- Anypoint Code Builder (ACB)VS Code-based IDE (desktop and cloud) for designing APIs and developing Mule integrations.Intermediate
- Anypoint ExchangeMuleSoft catalog for publishing, discovering and reusing APIs, connectors, templates, fragments and examples.Foundational
- Anypoint MonitoringAnypoint service providing dashboards, alerts, log search and metrics for Mule apps and APIs.Intermediate
- Anypoint MQMuleSoft's multitenant cloud message queuing service with standard and FIFO queues and message exchanges.Intermediate
- Anypoint PlatformMuleSoft's unified platform for designing, building, deploying, managing and governing APIs and integrations.Foundational
- Anypoint StudioEclipse-based IDE for building, debugging and testing Mule applications.Foundational
- Anypoint VisualizerTool showing a real-time graph of the application network and dependencies between Mule apps and APIs.Intermediate
- Anypoint VPCCloudHub 1.0 virtual private cloud isolating workers with private IP ranges and VPN or peering options.Advanced
- AP Join ProfileA Catalyst 9800 profile defining AP management settings such as CAPWAP timers, credentials, and SSH.Advanced
- Apache AirflowAn open-source platform for authoring, scheduling and monitoring workflows as Python-defined DAGs.Intermediate
- Apache AvroA row-based binary file format with an embedded JSON schema, well suited to streaming, write-heavy workloads and schema evolution.Intermediate
- Apache BeamAn open-source unified programming model for batch and streaming pipelines that run on runners such as Dataflow, Flink or Spark.Advanced
- Apache CassandraAn open-source, masterless, distributed wide-column database designed for high write throughput and multi-datacenter availability.Intermediate
- Apache HadoopAn open-source framework for distributed storage (HDFS) and batch processing (MapReduce, YARN) on clusters of commodity hardware.Foundational
- Apache HiveA data warehouse system on Hadoop that lets users query files with a SQL-like language (HiveQL) using schema on read.Intermediate
- Apache HudiAn open table format (Hadoop Upserts Deletes and Incrementals) focused on record-level upserts, deletes and incremental processing on data lakes.Advanced
- Apache IcebergAn open table format for huge analytic datasets that provides ACID commits, hidden partitioning, schema and partition evolution, and time travel.Advanced
- Apache KafkaA distributed event streaming platform that stores ordered, durable, replayable logs of records in partitioned topics.Intermediate
- Apache ORCOptimized Row Columnar: a columnar file format from the Hive ecosystem with lightweight indexes, compression and ACID support in Hive.Advanced
- Apache ParquetAn open-source columnar file format with efficient compression, encoding and predicate pushdown, widely used for analytics.Intermediate
- Apache SparkAn open-source distributed engine for large-scale data processing with in-memory computation and APIs for SQL, Python, Scala, Java and R.Foundational
- ApexStrongly typed, object-oriented, Java-like language that runs on the Salesforce platform.Foundational
- Apex CalloutOutbound HTTP or SOAP request from Apex to an external service.Intermediate
- Apex Code CoveragePercentage of executable Apex lines exercised by tests; production deployments require at least 75% overall and each trigger some coverage.Foundational
- Apex Managed SharingProgrammatic record sharing using Apex to insert rows into an object's share table, often with a custom sharing reason.Advanced
- Apex REST ServiceCustom REST endpoint exposed by an Apex class annotated @RestResource with methods annotated @HttpGet, @HttpPost and so on.Advanced
- Apex Test ClassClass annotated @isTest containing test methods that verify Apex behavior and provide code coverage.Foundational
- Apex TriggerApex code that executes before or after insert, update, delete, merge, upsert or undelete events on a record.Foundational
- API Authentication MethodsWays clients prove identity to APIs, including HTTP Basic, API keys, bearer tokens, OAuth 2.0, and mutual TLS.Foundational
- API AutodiscoveryMule app configuration linking a deployed application to an API instance in API Manager so policies apply.Intermediate
- API DiscoveryAutomatically identifying an organization's APIs and endpoints from traffic, gateways, code and cloud configurations.Intermediate
- API FragmentReusable RAML piece (data type, trait, example, library, security scheme) published to Exchange.Intermediate
- API ManagerAnypoint component for managing API instances, applying policies, SLA tiers and client contracts.Foundational
- API PaginationSplitting large API result sets into pages retrieved by successive requests using offsets, page numbers, or cursors.Intermediate
- API PolicyRule enforced at runtime on an API, such as client ID enforcement, rate limiting, spike control, JWT validation or IP allowlist.Foundational
- API ProxyGateway application placed in front of an existing API implementation to apply policies without changing it.Intermediate
- API Rate LimitingRestricting how many API requests a client can make in a time period to protect service availability.Intermediate
- API Schema ValidationRejecting API requests and responses that do not conform to a defined schema such as OpenAPI or JSON Schema.Intermediate
- API Security TestingTesting APIs for authentication, authorization, input handling, rate limiting and business logic flaws, guided by the API specification.Intermediate
- API SpecificationContract describing an API's resources, operations, data types and security, written in RAML or OAS.Foundational
- API-Led ConnectivityMuleSoft architectural approach organizing reusable APIs into System, Process and Experience layers.Foundational
- APIkitMuleSoft tooling that scaffolds Mule flows from an API specification and routes requests by resource and method.Intermediate
- App Engine Studio (AES)Low-code guided environment for citizen and professional developers to build scoped apps with data, experiences, logic and security.Intermediate
- App RepackagingDecompiling a legitimate app, modifying it (for example adding malware or removing checks), re-signing it and redistributing it.Intermediate
- App Service PlanSet of compute resources and pricing tier on which Azure App Service apps run.Intermediate
- App Transport Security (ATS)An iOS and macOS feature that requires apps to use HTTPS with strong TLS settings by default.Intermediate
- App-IDPalo Alto Networks NGFW technology that identifies applications in traffic regardless of port, protocol, or encryption.Intermediate
- AppArmorA Linux mandatory access control module that confines programs using path-based profiles, default on Ubuntu and SUSE.Intermediate
- Append QueriesA Power Query operation that stacks rows from two or more queries with the same columns, like SQL UNION ALL.Foundational
- AppExchangeSalesforce's marketplace for apps, components, Lightning Data and consulting partners.Foundational
- Apple Business Manager (ABM)Apple's web portal for organizations to buy apps, manage Apple IDs, and assign devices to MDM for Automated Device Enrollment.Intermediate
- Apple File System (APFS)Apple's modern file system for macOS, iOS, and iPadOS, optimized for SSDs and encryption.Foundational
- Apple SiliconApple's family of ARM-based SoCs (M-series for Macs, A-series for iPhone) with unified memory.Intermediate
- Application Access SettingsPer-table settings in a scoped app defining whether other scopes can read, create, update or delete its records and access it via web services.Advanced
- Application Compatibility ModeA Windows setting that runs older programs using behaviors of earlier Windows versions.Foundational
- Application ControlsControls built into business applications to ensure complete, accurate, and valid processing of transactions.Foundational
- Application InsightsAzure Monitor feature for application performance monitoring (APM), including requests, dependencies, exceptions and availability tests.Intermediate
- Application InventoryA maintained catalog of an organization's applications, APIs and components with owners, data classification and risk ratings.Foundational
- Application Layer (L7)OSI Layer 7 (and top layer of TCP/IP), which provides network services directly to user applications.Foundational
- Application Load Balancer (ALB)AWS layer 7 load balancer that routes HTTP/HTTPS/gRPC traffic based on host, path, headers and query strings.Intermediate
- Application NavigatorLeft-side menu listing applications and their modules, filterable by typing.Foundational
- Application NetworkNetwork of applications, data and devices connected by reusable APIs that grows as new APIs are added.Intermediate
- Application Performance Monitoring (APM)Tooling that instruments applications to track transaction performance, errors, dependencies, and resource usage.Foundational
- Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC)The clustered controller that manages and pushes policy to a Cisco ACI fabric.Intermediate
- Application Portfolio Management (APM)SPM capability for assessing business applications on cost, risk and value to rationalize the portfolio.Advanced
- Application Programming Interface (API)A defined contract that lets software components communicate by exposing operations, data formats, and rules for requests and responses.Foundational
- Application RepositoryCompany-internal store for publishing scoped app versions to install on other instances.Intermediate
- Application Security Group (ASG)Azure construct that groups VM network interfaces by role so NSG rules can reference workloads instead of IP addresses.Intermediate
- Application Security ProgramThe organizational structure, policies, tools and processes that manage security risk across an organization's software portfolio.Intermediate
- Application ServiceCSDM CI representing a deployed instance of an application stack, such as SAP Production, mapped to its infrastructure.Intermediate
- Application Visibility and Control (AVC)Cisco deep packet inspection feature that identifies applications and applies QoS or drop policies.Advanced
- Application-Aware Routing (AAR)A Cisco SD-WAN data policy that steers applications over tunnels meeting SLA thresholds for loss, latency and jitter measured by BFD.Advanced
- Application-Consistent BackupA backup taken after the application flushes buffers and pauses writes so data is in a recoverable, transactionally consistent state.Intermediate
- Application-Level Gateway (ALG)Proxy firewall that terminates connections and inspects traffic at the application layer for specific protocols.Intermediate
- Approval GateA pipeline checkpoint that pauses deployment until a person approves or an automated condition is met.Foundational
- Approval ProcessAutomated process for approving records with defined steps, approvers and actions on submission, approval, rejection and recall.Foundational
- Approved Scanning Vendor (ASV)Organization certified by the PCI SSC to perform external vulnerability scans for PCI DSS.Intermediate
- Approximate Nearest Neighbor (ANN)Similarity search that returns near-closest vectors quickly by accepting a small loss in accuracy.Intermediate
- APTThe Advanced Package Tool, the high-level package manager for Debian, Ubuntu and related distributions.Foundational
- Arbitration Interframe Space (AIFS)The EDCA wait time per access category, calculated as SIFS plus AIFSN slot times.Advanced
- ArchiMateThe Open Group's modeling language for describing enterprise architectures across business, application and technology layers.Intermediate
- Architectural RunwayExisting code, components, and infrastructure needed to implement near-term features without excessive redesign.Advanced
- Architecture BoardCross-organizational executive body responsible for overseeing architecture strategy, compliance and dispensations.Intermediate
- Architecture Building Block (ABB)Building block describing required capability and shaping specifications for solution building blocks.Intermediate
- Architecture CapabilityAbility of an organization to perform enterprise architecture, including people, processes, tools and governance.Advanced
- Architecture Compliance LevelTOGAF scale describing how an implementation relates to the architecture: Irrelevant, Consistent, Compliant, Conformant, Fully Conformant or Non-conformant.Advanced
- Architecture Content FrameworkTOGAF structure classifying architecture work products as deliverables, artifacts and building blocks.Intermediate
- Architecture ContinuumPart of the Enterprise Continuum classifying architecture assets (ABBs) from Foundation to Organization-Specific architectures.Intermediate
- Architecture ContractJoint agreement between development partners and sponsors on deliverables, quality and fitness-for-purpose of an architecture.Intermediate
- Architecture Definition DocumentDeliverable containing the core architectural artifacts for baseline and target architectures across domains.Intermediate
- Architecture Development Method (ADM)TOGAF's iterative method for developing and managing enterprise architecture through Preliminary, phases A to H and central Requirements Management.Foundational
- Architecture GovernancePractice by which enterprise architectures are managed and controlled at an enterprise-wide level.Intermediate
- Architecture LandscapeArchitectural representation of assets in use or planned at points in time, at Strategic, Segment and Capability levels.Intermediate
- Architecture PartitioningDividing the enterprise architecture into manageable segments by subject, time and maturity.Advanced
- Architecture PrinciplesGeneral rules and guidelines that inform how an organization uses and deploys IT resources and assets.Foundational
- Architecture RepositoryStore of architectural work products and reference materials for an enterprise.Foundational
- Architecture Requirements SpecificationDeliverable providing quantitative statements, such as success measures and constraints, that solutions must meet.Intermediate
- Architecture RoadmapDeliverable listing work packages and transition architectures on a timeline from baseline to target.Intermediate
- Architecture ViewRepresentation of a system from the perspective of related concerns, governed by a viewpoint.Intermediate
- Architecture ViewpointSpecification of conventions for constructing and using a view to address particular stakeholder concerns.Intermediate
- Area Border Router (ABR)An OSPF router with interfaces in area 0 and at least one other area, which summarizes routes between them.Intermediate
- Area Under the Curve (AUC)The area under the ROC curve, summarizing a classifier's ability to rank positives above negatives (0.5 = random, 1.0 = perfect).Intermediate
- Argo CDA declarative GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes that syncs cluster state with manifests stored in Git.Intermediate
- Argon2Memory-hard password hashing function that won the 2015 Password Hashing Competition; Argon2id is recommended.Advanced
- ARIMAAutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average: a forecasting model that combines autoregression, differencing (to reach stationarity) and moving-average error terms.Advanced
- ARM ArchitectureA reduced instruction set (RISC) processor architecture used in phones, tablets, Apple Silicon Macs, and Windows on Arm PCs.Foundational
- ARP CacheThe table a host or router keeps of recently resolved IPv4-to-MAC mappings.Foundational
- ARP CommandA command that displays and modifies the ARP cache on Windows, Linux and macOS.Foundational
- ARP PoisoningSending forged ARP replies to associate the attacker's MAC address with another host's IP, redirecting LAN traffic.Intermediate
- ARP SuppressionAn EVPN feature where VTEPs answer ARP requests locally using IP-MAC bindings learned from Type 2 routes, reducing flooding.Advanced
- ART Planning BoardSAFe visual board showing feature delivery dates, dependencies between teams, and milestones for a PI.Intermediate
- ART Predictability MeasureSAFe measure comparing actual business value achieved to planned business value of committed PI objectives.Advanced
- Artifact (TOGAF)Architectural work product describing an aspect of the architecture, classified as a catalog, matrix or diagram.Foundational
- Artifact RepositoryA service that stores and versions build outputs and dependency packages, such as Nexus, Artifactory, Azure Artifacts, AWS CodeArtifact, or GitHub Packages.Intermediate
- Artifact SigningCryptographically signing build artifacts or container images so consumers can verify their origin and integrity.Advanced
- Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)Hypothetical AI with human-level ability to understand, learn and apply knowledge across virtually any intellectual task.Foundational
- Artificial Intelligence (AI)The field of building computer systems that perform tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as reasoning, perception and language.Foundational
- AS Path PrependingAdding extra copies of an ASN to the AS_PATH of advertised routes to make a path less attractive to other ASes.Intermediate
- As-Built DocumentationFinal drawings and records that show how an AV system was actually installed, including signal flow, rack elevations and labels.Foundational
- AS-OverrideA PE-side BGP option that replaces the customer's ASN in the AS_PATH with the provider's ASN, letting sites with the same ASN learn each other's routes.Advanced
- AS_PATH AttributeA well-known mandatory BGP attribute listing the ASNs a route has traversed; used for loop prevention and path length comparison.Intermediate
- ASHRAE Thermal GuidelinesASHRAE TC 9.9 recommendations for data center temperature and humidity, with a recommended inlet range of 18-27 degrees C.Intermediate
- Aspect RatioThe proportional relationship between a display's width and height, such as 16:9.Foundational
- Assessment MethodsThe three NIST assessment methods: examine (review artifacts), interview (discuss with people), and test (exercise mechanisms).Intermediate
- Asset CriticalityA rating of how important an asset is to the business, used to prioritize protection and response.Foundational
- Asset InventoryA complete, current record of hardware, software, cloud resources and data assets an organization owns or uses.Foundational
- Asset LifecycleProgression of an asset through states such as on order, in stock, in use, in maintenance and retired, with substates.Intermediate
- Asset TagA label with a unique identifier attached to IT equipment for inventory tracking.Foundational
- Asset ValuationDetermining the worth of an asset, including replacement cost, revenue impact, and intangible value, to support risk analysis.Intermediate
- Assignment ElementFlow element that sets or changes values of variables, collections and record fields.Foundational
- Assignment GroupGroup field on task records identifying the team responsible for the work.Foundational
- Assignment RuleRule that automatically assigns leads or cases to users or queues based on criteria.Foundational
- Assignment Rule (ServiceNow)Rule that automatically sets the assigned group or user on task records when conditions match.Foundational
- Assistive Listening System (ALS)A system that delivers audio directly to people with hearing loss through FM, infrared or induction loop technology.Intermediate
- Association Identifier (AID)A number assigned by an AP to each associated station, used in the TIM bitmap.Advanced
- Association RequestA management frame from a client asking to join a BSS, listing its capabilities and chosen security.Foundational
- Association ResponseA management frame from the AP accepting or rejecting an association request.Intermediate
- Assumed BreachA testing approach that starts with attacker access already inside the environment to focus on post-compromise detection and impact.Intermediate
- AssumptionA factor in the planning process that is considered true, real, or certain without proof or demonstration.Foundational
- Assumption LogA project document used to record all assumptions and constraints throughout the project life cycle.Foundational
- Assumption MappingTechnique for identifying and prioritizing product assumptions by importance and evidence.Advanced
- AssuranceObjective examination of evidence to provide an independent assessment of governance, risk, and control.Intermediate
- Assured Forwarding (AF)A DiffServ PHB group of four classes (AF1-AF4) each with three drop precedences (AFx1-AFx3).Intermediate
- Asymmetric EncryptionEncryption using a mathematically related key pair: a public key to encrypt or verify and a private key to decrypt or sign.Foundational
- Asymmetric IRBEVPN inter-subnet routing where the ingress VTEP routes and bridges into the destination VNI, and the egress VTEP only bridges.Advanced
- Asymmetric Logical Unit Access (ALUA)A SCSI standard by which a storage array reports which paths to a LUN are active-optimized versus active-non-optimized.Advanced
- Asynchronous PathRecord-triggered flow path that runs after the transaction commits, used for callouts and long-running work.Advanced
- Asynchronous ReplicationReplication in which the primary acknowledges writes immediately and ships changes to replicas afterward.Intermediate
- At-Least-Once DeliveryA delivery guarantee that every message is delivered one or more times, so duplicates are possible but loss is not.Advanced
- Atlas Reasoning EngineThe reasoning system behind Agentforce that plans, selects topics and actions, and iterates to fulfil requests.Advanced
- Atomic Red TeamAn open-source library by Red Canary of small, ATT&CK-mapped tests that simulate individual adversary techniques.Advanced
- Atomic ValueA value that cannot be meaningfully divided further for the purposes of the data model.Foundational
- AtomicityThe ACID property that a transaction completes entirely or not at all.Foundational
- ATT&CK NavigatorA MITRE web tool for visualizing and annotating ATT&CK matrices as layers.Advanced
- ATT&CK TacticA column in the MITRE ATT&CK matrix representing the adversary's tactical goal, the "why" of an action.Intermediate
- ATT&CK TechniqueAn entry in MITRE ATT&CK describing how an adversary achieves a tactical goal, identified by a T number.Intermediate
- Attached BitA flag set in an L1/L2 router's Level 1 LSP signalling it has Level 2 connectivity, prompting L1 routers to install a default route.Advanced
- Attack NarrativeA chronological story in a pen test report describing how testers moved from initial access to their objective.Intermediate
- Attack SurfaceThe total set of points where an unauthorized user could try to enter or extract data from a system.Foundational
- Attack Surface AnalysisIdentifying and assessing all the points where an attacker could interact with or send input to an application.Foundational
- Attack Surface Management (ASM)Continuous discovery, inventory and monitoring of an organization's internet-facing assets and exposures.Intermediate
- Attack TreeA hierarchical diagram with an attacker's goal at the root and the alternative ways to achieve it as child nodes.Intermediate
- Attention MechanismA technique that lets a model weight the relevance of different input elements when producing each output.Intermediate
- AttenuationThe loss of signal strength as it travels through a medium, measured in decibels.Foundational
- AttestationProcess by which a device or workload provides cryptographic evidence of its identity and integrity to a verifier.Advanced
- Attestation (IRM)Questionnaire sent to control owners to confirm a control's operation and status.Intermediate
- Attestation of Compliance (AOC)Formal declaration of an entity's PCI DSS compliance status, accompanying a ROC or SAQ.Intermediate
- AttributeA property that describes an entity, implemented as a column in a table.Foundational
- Attribute SamplingStatistical sampling method used in compliance testing to estimate the rate of occurrence of a characteristic.Intermediate
- Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)Access control model that evaluates attributes of the subject, object, action, and environment against policies.Intermediate
- AttributionIdentifying the threat actor responsible for an attack based on technical evidence, TTPs and intelligence.Advanced
- Audience TargetingExperience Cloud feature that shows different pages, components or branding to members based on criteria like profile, location or record type.Intermediate
- Audio Clock SynchronizationEnsuring all digital audio devices sample at exactly the same rate from a shared reference to avoid clicks and dropouts.Advanced
- Audio Digital Signal Processor (Audio DSP)A processor that performs digital audio functions such as mixing, EQ, dynamics, AEC, routing and delay in AV systems.Intermediate
- Audio Noise FloorThe level of background noise in a system or room when no intended signal is present.Foundational
- Audio Video Bridging (AVB)A set of IEEE 802.1 standards that provide time-synchronized, low-latency, reserved-bandwidth streaming over Ethernet.Advanced
- Audit CharterFormal document defining internal audit's purpose, authority, responsibility, and accountability.Foundational
- Audit CommitteeBoard committee of independent directors overseeing financial reporting, internal control, and audit functions.Foundational
- Audit EvidenceInformation used by auditors to arrive at conclusions on which opinions are based.Foundational
- Audit FindingDocumented result of an audit describing a condition that deviates from criteria, with cause, effect, and recommendation.Foundational
- Audit Follow-UpProcess of verifying that management has implemented agreed corrective actions from audit findings.Intermediate
- Audit HooksEmbedded triggers in application software that flag suspicious transactions for auditor attention.Advanced
- Audit ObjectiveSpecific goal an audit aims to achieve, such as confirming controls meet a control objective.Foundational
- Audit OpinionAuditor's conclusion on the subject matter: unmodified, qualified, adverse, or disclaimer.Intermediate
- Audit PlanDocument setting out the audits to be performed over a period, or the approach for a specific engagement.Foundational
- Audit ProgramStep-by-step procedures auditors follow to gather evidence and achieve audit objectives.Intermediate
- Audit ReportFormal communication of audit objectives, scope, findings, conclusions, and recommendations.Foundational
- Audit RiskRisk that the auditor reaches an incorrect conclusion, such as issuing an unqualified opinion when material errors exist.Intermediate
- Audit SamplingApplying audit procedures to less than 100 percent of a population to draw conclusions about the whole.Foundational
- Audit ScopeBoundaries of an audit: the systems, locations, processes, period, and organizational units covered.Foundational
- Audit TrailChronological record of system activities that allows reconstruction of events and accountability.Foundational
- Audit UniverseComplete inventory of auditable entities, processes, systems, and risks in an organization.Intermediate
- AuditdThe Linux Audit daemon that records system calls, file access and security-relevant events based on configured rules.Intermediate
- Auditor IndependenceFreedom from conditions that threaten the auditor's ability to perform work objectively, in fact and in appearance.Foundational
- Aura ComponentOriginal Lightning component framework using markup, controllers and helpers, now superseded by LWC for new development.Intermediate
- Aura Site TemplateExperience Cloud templates built on the Aura framework, such as Customer Service and Partner Central.Intermediate
- AuraEnabled AnnotationAnnotation that exposes Apex methods to Lightning components; cacheable=true enables client caching and use with @wire.Intermediate
- Aurora Global DatabaseAurora feature replicating a database across AWS regions with typical lag under one second for DR and global reads.Advanced
- Aurora ServerlessOn-demand autoscaling configuration of Amazon Aurora that adjusts database capacity in fine-grained increments.Intermediate
- Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD)Encryption that provides confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, while also authenticating unencrypted header data.Advanced
- AuthenticationVerifying that a user, device, or process is who or what it claims to be.Foundational
- Authentication and Key Management Suite (AKM)The RSN element field identifying how a BSS authenticates and derives keys, such as 802.1X, PSK, SAE, or FT.Advanced
- Authentication BypassGaining access to protected functions without valid credentials due to flaws in authentication logic.Intermediate
- Authentication FactorCategory of evidence used to prove identity: something you know, have, or are, plus contextual attributes.Foundational
- Authentication FrameA management frame used for 802.11 authentication before association; also carries SAE exchanges.Intermediate
- Authentication Header (AH)IPsec protocol (IP protocol 51) that provides integrity, data origin authentication, and anti-replay but no encryption.Intermediate
- Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)Framework that verifies identity, determines permitted actions, and records what users do.Foundational
- Authenticator AppMobile application that generates TOTP codes or approves push sign-ins as a possession factor.Foundational
- Authenticator Assurance Level (AAL)NIST SP 800-63B rating (AAL1-AAL3) of confidence that the person authenticating controls the account's authenticators.Advanced
- AuthenticityAssurance that data, a message, or an entity is genuine and comes from its claimed source.Foundational
- Authoritative Name ServerA DNS server that holds the official records for a zone and answers queries for it with authority.Intermediate
- Authoritative RestoreAn AD restore method that marks restored objects as authoritative so they replicate out and override newer copies on other DCs.Advanced
- Authority DocumentIRM record representing an external regulation or framework, such as ISO 27001 or NIST 800-53.Intermediate
- AuthorizationDetermining what an authenticated subject is permitted to access or do.Foundational
- Authorization BoundaryAll components of a system authorized for operation by an authorizing official, excluding separately authorized connected systems.Advanced
- Authorization Code FlowOAuth grant where the client receives a short-lived code via the browser and exchanges it server-side for tokens.Advanced
- Authorization LetterWritten permission from an asset owner allowing testers to attack specified systems, sometimes called a get-out-of-jail-free letter.Foundational
- Authorization PackageSet of documents presented to the authorizing official for an authorization decision.Intermediate
- Authorization to Operate (ATO)Official management decision by an authorizing official to accept the risk of operating a federal information system.Intermediate
- Authorizing Official (AO)Senior official with authority to formally assume responsibility and accept risk for operating a system.Intermediate
- Auto Attendant (AA)An automated menu that answers calls and lets callers reach departments or people by pressing keys or speaking names.Foundational
- Auto LoaderA Databricks feature (cloudFiles source) that incrementally and efficiently ingests new files from cloud storage, with schema inference and evolution.Intermediate
- Auto-Escaping TemplateA templating engine feature that automatically output-encodes variables for their context unless explicitly marked safe.Intermediate
- Auto-Failover GroupAn Azure SQL Database and Managed Instance feature that replicates databases to another region and fails them over together behind stable listener endpoints.Advanced
- Auto-RegistrationA CUCM feature that automatically adds unknown phones to the database and assigns them DNs from a configured range.Intermediate
- Auto-Response RuleRule that sends automatic email responses to people who submit leads or cases, based on criteria.Foundational
- Auto-RPCisco-proprietary method for distributing RP information using candidate RP announcements to 224.0.1.39 and mapping agent discovery to 224.0.1.40.Advanced
- Auto-SummaryAutomatic summarization of routes to classful network boundaries when advertised across a different major network.Intermediate
- Auto-SuspendA setting that suspends a Snowflake warehouse after a set idle period so it stops using credits; auto-resume restarts it when queries arrive.Foundational
- AutoencoderA neural network trained to reconstruct its input through a compressed bottleneck representation.Intermediate
- autofsA Linux service that mounts filesystems automatically on access and unmounts them after a period of inactivity.Advanced
- Autolaunched FlowFlow with no screens that runs when invoked by Apex, REST API, another flow, a process or a button.Intermediate
- Automated Alternate Routing (AAR)A CUCM feature that reroutes internal calls over the PSTN when locations-based CAC blocks them for lack of WAN bandwidth.Intermediate
- Automated Certificate Management Environment (ACME)Protocol (RFC 8555) that automates domain validation, issuance, and renewal of certificates.Intermediate
- Automated Decision-Making Technology (ADMT)US privacy law term for technology that processes personal information to replace or substantially replace human decision-making.Advanced
- Automated Frequency Coordination (AFC)A cloud database system that authorizes 6 GHz standard-power operation while protecting incumbent links.Intermediate
- Automated Individual Decision-MakingGDPR Article 22 right not to be subject to decisions based solely on automated processing that produce legal or similarly significant effects.Intermediate
- Automated Test Framework (ATF)ServiceNow tool for creating and running automated functional tests of forms, server logic, catalog items and REST APIs.Intermediate
- Automatic Call Distribution (ACD)A system that queues incoming calls and distributes them to available agents according to routing rules.Foundational
- Automatic Document Feeder (ADF)A scanner or copier mechanism that feeds multiple pages automatically.Foundational
- Automatic Medium-Dependent Interface Crossover (Auto-MDIX)A port feature that detects the cable type and swaps transmit and receive pairs automatically, so either straight-through or crossover cable works.Foundational
- Automatic Mixer (Automixer)A mixer that automatically turns up active microphones and attenuates inactive ones to reduce noise and feedback.Intermediate
- Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)A Windows feature that self-assigns an address from 169.254.0.0/16 when a DHCP server cannot be reached.Foundational
- Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)A switch that automatically transfers electrical load from a failed utility source to a backup source such as a generator.Intermediate
- Automatic TuningAn Azure SQL and SQL Server capability that automatically forces last-good plans and, in Azure SQL Database, can create or drop indexes.Advanced
- Automation RuleAccount Engagement rule that continuously evaluates prospects against criteria and performs actions when matched.Intermediate
- Automation StudioMarketing Cloud tool for scheduled or triggered batch processes like imports, SQL queries, file transfers and sends.Intermediate
- AutoMLAutomated machine learning: tools that automate algorithm selection, feature preprocessing and hyperparameter tuning.Foundational
- AutonegotiationAn Ethernet mechanism through which connected devices exchange capabilities and select the highest common speed and duplex.Foundational
- Autonomous Access PointA standalone AP that contains all configuration, management, and control functions locally.Foundational
- Autonomous System (AS)A set of networks under one administrative control with a single routing policy, identified in BGP by an AS number.Foundational
- Autonomous System Boundary Router (ASBR)An OSPF router that redistributes external routes into OSPF, originating Type 5 or Type 7 LSAs.Intermediate
- Autonomous System Number (ASN)A number identifying a BGP autonomous system: 2-byte (1-65535) or 4-byte (up to 4,294,967,295).Intermediate
- AutopsyAn open-source digital forensics platform and graphical interface for The Sleuth Kit.Intermediate
- AutoQoSCisco feature that automatically generates recommended QoS configuration for voice, video and data on switches and routers.Intermediate
- Autoregressive GenerationProducing output one token at a time, with each new token conditioned on all previously generated tokens.Intermediate
- AV Control SystemA system of processors, touch panels and keypads that operates AV devices through IR, RS-232, relays and IP commands.Foundational
- AV Performance VerificationSystematic testing of an installed AV system against standards and design intent, as defined in ANSI/INFOCOMM 10:2013.Intermediate
- AV-over-IP (AVoIP)Distribution of audio and video signals as packets over standard Ethernet networks using encoders and decoders.Intermediate
- AV1A royalty-free video codec from the Alliance for Open Media that is more efficient than H.264 and used by Webex.Intermediate
- AvailabilitySecurity goal ensuring authorized users have timely, reliable access to data and systems when needed.Foundational
- Availability Domain (AD)One or more isolated, fault-independent data centers within an OCI region.Foundational
- Availability SetAzure logical grouping that spreads VMs across fault domains and update domains within a data center.Intermediate
- Availability Zone (AZ)One or more physically separate data centers within a region with independent power, cooling and networking.Foundational
- Avalanche EffectProperty where a tiny change in input, such as one bit, causes a large, unpredictable change in output.Intermediate
- Average Handle Time (AHT)A contact center metric equal to talk time plus hold time plus after-call work, averaged across contacts.Foundational
- awkA Linux pattern-scanning and text-processing language that splits lines into fields for filtering and reporting.Intermediate
- AWS AI ServicesPretrained, task-specific AWS APIs such as Rekognition, Comprehend, Textract, Transcribe, Polly, Translate, Lex, Kendra and Personalize.Foundational
- AWS Application Migration Service (AWS MGN)AWS's primary rehost (lift-and-shift) service that continuously replicates servers to AWS and launches them with minimal cutover downtime.Intermediate
- AWS ArtifactAWS self-service portal for on-demand access to compliance reports and agreements such as SOC, PCI and ISO reports and the BAA.Foundational
- AWS Audit ManagerAWS service that continuously collects evidence from your AWS usage to simplify audit preparation against frameworks.Advanced
- AWS BackupCentralized AWS service for policy-based backup of EC2, EBS, RDS, DynamoDB, EFS, FSx, S3 and more.Intermediate
- AWS BatchFully managed AWS service for running batch computing jobs at any scale on EC2, Spot or Fargate.Intermediate
- AWS BudgetsAWS service that sets custom cost, usage, reservation or Savings Plans budgets and alerts or acts when thresholds are exceeded.Foundational
- AWS Certificate Manager (ACM)AWS service that provisions, manages and automatically renews SSL/TLS certificates for AWS integrated services.Intermediate
- AWS Cloud Adoption Framework (AWS CAF)AWS guidance that helps organizations plan and execute cloud transformation through six perspectives and four phases.Foundational
- AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK)An open-source framework for defining AWS infrastructure in programming languages that synthesizes CloudFormation templates.Intermediate
- AWS CloudFormationAWS's native infrastructure as code service that provisions resources from JSON or YAML templates as stacks.Foundational
- AWS CloudHSMAWS service providing dedicated, single-tenant hardware security modules in your VPC under your exclusive control.Advanced
- AWS CloudShellBrowser-based shell in the AWS console, pre-authenticated with the signed-in user's credentials and preloaded with the AWS CLI.Foundational
- AWS CloudTrailAWS service that records API activity and account events for governance, auditing and security investigation.Foundational
- AWS CodeBuildA fully managed AWS build service that compiles code, runs tests, and produces artifacts using a buildspec.yml file.Foundational
- AWS CodeDeployAn AWS service that automates application deployments to EC2, on-premises servers, Lambda, and ECS using an appspec file.Intermediate
- AWS CodePipelineA fully managed AWS service that orchestrates release pipelines with source, build, test, approval, and deploy stages.Foundational
- AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI)Unified command-line tool for managing AWS services from a terminal or scripts.Foundational
- AWS Compute OptimizerAWS service that uses machine learning on utilization metrics to recommend optimal resource configurations.Intermediate
- AWS ConfigAWS service that records resource configurations and changes over time and evaluates them against rules for compliance.Intermediate
- AWS Control TowerAWS service that sets up and governs a secure multi-account landing zone using AWS Organizations and best-practice controls.Intermediate
- AWS Cost and Usage Report (CUR)The most comprehensive AWS billing dataset, delivered to S3 with line-item detail of usage, pricing and resource IDs.Intermediate
- AWS Cost Anomaly DetectionAWS Cost Management feature that uses machine learning to detect unusual spend and alert owners.Intermediate
- AWS Cost ExplorerAWS tool for visualizing, analyzing and forecasting cost and usage over time.Foundational
- AWS Database Migration Service (AWS DMS)AWS service that migrates databases to AWS with minimal downtime using full load and ongoing change data capture.Intermediate
- AWS DataSyncOnline data transfer service that automates copying between on-premises storage, other clouds and AWS storage services.Intermediate
- AWS Direct Connect (DX)AWS service providing a dedicated private network connection from on-premises to AWS that bypasses the public internet.Intermediate
- AWS Directory ServiceAWS service offering managed Microsoft Active Directory, AD Connector and Simple AD.Intermediate
- AWS Elastic BeanstalkAWS PaaS that deploys and manages web applications on EC2, load balancers and Auto Scaling from uploaded code.Intermediate
- AWS Elastic Disaster Recovery (DRS)AWS service that continuously replicates servers into a low-cost staging area for fast recovery in AWS.Intermediate
- AWS Firewall ManagerAWS service for centrally configuring and enforcing firewall rules across accounts in an organization.Advanced
- AWS Free TierAWS program giving new and existing customers limited free usage of services and, for new accounts, promotional credits.Foundational
- AWS Global AcceleratorAWS networking service providing two static anycast IPs that route users over the AWS backbone to optimal regional endpoints.Intermediate
- AWS GlueA serverless AWS data integration service for discovering, preparing and transforming data with Spark-based ETL jobs.Intermediate
- AWS Glue CrawlerA Glue component that scans data stores, infers schemas and partitions, and creates or updates tables in the Data Catalog.Intermediate
- AWS Glue Data CatalogA managed, Hive-compatible metadata repository of databases, tables and partitions used by Athena, EMR, Redshift Spectrum and Glue.Intermediate
- AWS Health DashboardAWS view of service health and account-specific events, such as outages and scheduled maintenance affecting your resources.Foundational
- AWS IAM Identity CenterAWS service (formerly AWS Single Sign-On) that centrally manages workforce access to multiple AWS accounts and applications.Intermediate
- AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM)Global AWS service for controlling authentication and authorization to AWS resources through users, groups, roles and policies.Foundational
- AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS)AWS managed service for creating and controlling cryptographic keys used to encrypt data across AWS services.Intermediate
- AWS Lake FormationAn AWS service that builds and centrally governs data lakes, with fine-grained permissions at database, table, column, row and cell level.Advanced
- AWS LambdaAWS serverless compute service that runs code in response to events without provisioning servers, billed per request and duration.Foundational
- AWS Local ZonesAWS infrastructure extension placing compute, storage and database services in metro areas close to large user populations.Intermediate
- AWS Management ConsoleWeb-based graphical interface for accessing and managing AWS services.Foundational
- AWS MarketplaceCurated digital catalog for finding, buying and deploying third-party software, data and services that run on AWS.Foundational
- AWS Migration EvaluatorAWS service that analyzes on-premises inventory and utilization to build a data-driven migration business case and TCO.Intermediate
- AWS Network FirewallManaged, stateful, highly available network firewall and intrusion prevention service for VPCs.Advanced
- AWS OrganizationsAWS service for centrally managing multiple AWS accounts with organizational units, consolidated billing and policies.Foundational
- AWS OutpostsFully managed AWS hardware racks or servers installed in a customer's data center to run AWS services on premises.Intermediate
- AWS Pricing CalculatorFree AWS web tool for estimating the monthly cost of planned AWS architectures.Foundational
- AWS PrivateLinkAWS technology providing private connectivity to services across VPCs and accounts through interface endpoints, without exposing traffic to the internet.Advanced
- AWS Resource Access Manager (AWS RAM)AWS service for securely sharing resources such as subnets, Transit Gateways and Route 53 Resolver rules across accounts.Advanced
- AWS Schema Conversion Tool (AWS SCT)Tool that converts database schemas and code between engines for heterogeneous migrations.Intermediate
- AWS SDKLanguage-specific software development kits for calling AWS service APIs from application code.Foundational
- AWS Secrets ManagerAWS service for storing, retrieving and automatically rotating secrets such as database credentials and API keys.Intermediate
- AWS Security HubAWS service that aggregates and prioritizes security findings and checks posture against standards across accounts.Intermediate
- AWS Security Token Service (AWS STS)AWS web service that issues temporary, limited-privilege credentials for IAM roles and federated users.Intermediate
- AWS Serverless Application Model (AWS SAM)An AWS framework that extends CloudFormation with simplified syntax for serverless resources like Lambda functions and APIs.Intermediate
- AWS ShieldAWS managed DDoS protection: Shield Standard is automatic and free; Shield Advanced adds enhanced protection and response.Foundational
- AWS Snow FamilyRugged AWS physical devices used to transfer data offline to AWS and to run edge compute in disconnected locations.Foundational
- AWS Step FunctionsAWS serverless workflow service that orchestrates Lambda functions and AWS services as visual state machines.Intermediate
- AWS Storage GatewayHybrid storage service connecting on-premises applications to AWS storage through file, volume and tape interfaces.Intermediate
- AWS Support PlansTiered AWS support offerings ranging from free Basic support to Enterprise levels with designated technical account managers.Foundational
- AWS Systems Manager (SSM)AWS operations hub for managing EC2 and on-premises servers: patching, remote commands, sessions, inventory, parameters and automation.Intermediate
- AWS Systems Manager Parameter StoreSystems Manager capability for hierarchical storage of configuration data and secrets as plaintext or KMS-encrypted SecureString values.Intermediate
- AWS Transfer FamilyManaged service providing SFTP, FTPS, FTP and AS2 endpoints that store files directly in Amazon S3 or EFS.Intermediate
- AWS Transit Gateway (TGW)Regional AWS network transit hub that interconnects VPCs and on-premises networks through a single gateway with transitive routing.Intermediate
- AWS Trusted AdvisorAWS service that checks your account against best practices for cost, performance, security, fault tolerance, service limits and operations.Foundational
- AWS WAFAWS web application firewall that filters HTTP(S) requests to CloudFront, ALB, API Gateway and other services using rules.Intermediate
- AWS WavelengthAWS infrastructure embedded in telecommunications providers' 5G networks for ultra-low-latency mobile applications.Intermediate
- AWS Well-Architected FrameworkAWS guidance for designing and operating reliable, secure, efficient, cost-effective and sustainable cloud workloads across six pillars.Foundational
- AWS Well-Architected ToolFree AWS console tool for reviewing workloads against the Well-Architected Framework pillars and tracking improvement plans.Foundational
- AzCopyCommand-line utility for copying data to, from and between Azure Storage accounts.Foundational
- Azimuth ChartA polar chart showing an antenna's horizontal (top-down) radiation pattern.Intermediate
- Azure Activity LogSubscription-level Azure log of control plane operations, such as who created, modified or deleted resources.Foundational
- Azure AdvisorFree Azure service that analyzes configuration and usage telemetry and recommends improvements across five categories.Foundational
- Azure AI Content SafetyAn Azure service that detects harmful content, prompt attacks and ungrounded output in text and images.Intermediate
- Azure AI SearchAzure's search service supporting keyword, vector, hybrid and semantic ranking, commonly used as the retrieval layer for RAG.Intermediate
- Azure AI ServicesAzure's prebuilt AI APIs for vision, language, speech, translation and document intelligence.Foundational
- Azure API Management (APIM)Azure service for publishing, securing, transforming, monitoring and monetizing APIs through a gateway and developer portal.Intermediate
- Azure App ServiceAzure PaaS for hosting web apps, REST APIs and mobile back ends on Windows or Linux with built-in scaling and deployment.Foundational
- Azure Application GatewayAzure regional layer 7 load balancer with URL path routing, TLS termination and an optional web application firewall.Intermediate
- Azure ArcAzure service that projects on-premises, edge and multicloud servers, Kubernetes clusters and databases into Azure Resource Manager.Intermediate
- Azure BackupAzure service for backing up and restoring Azure VMs, files, databases and on-premises workloads to vaults.Foundational
- Azure BastionAzure PaaS service providing secure RDP and SSH access to VMs over TLS from the portal without public IPs on the VMs.Intermediate
- Azure Blob StorageAzure object storage for massive amounts of unstructured data such as images, video, backups and data lakes.Foundational
- Azure CLICross-platform command-line tool (az) for creating and managing Azure resources.Foundational
- Azure Cloud ShellBrowser-accessible authenticated shell in Azure with Bash or PowerShell and Azure tools preinstalled.Foundational
- Azure Cosmos DBAzure fully managed, globally distributed NoSQL and relational database with multiple APIs and single-digit millisecond latency.Intermediate
- Azure Data Factory (ADF)Azure's cloud ETL and data integration service for building pipelines of activities with 90+ connectors.Intermediate
- Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2 (ADLS Gen2)Azure Blob Storage with a hierarchical namespace enabled, providing directory semantics, POSIX-style ACLs and big data analytics performance.Intermediate
- Azure DDoS ProtectionAzure service that mitigates distributed denial-of-service attacks against public IP resources in virtual networks.Intermediate
- Azure DevOpsMicrosoft's suite of developer services: Azure Boards, Repos, Pipelines, Test Plans, and Artifacts.Foundational
- Azure Event GridAzure fully managed event routing service using publish-subscribe for reactive, event-driven applications.Intermediate
- Azure Event HubsAzure big data streaming platform and event ingestion service capable of receiving millions of events per second.Intermediate
- Azure ExpressRouteAzure service providing private, dedicated connectivity from on-premises networks to Microsoft cloud via a connectivity provider.Intermediate
- Azure File SyncAn Azure service that syncs Windows file servers with Azure Files and can tier infrequently used files to the cloud.Intermediate
- Azure FilesAzure fully managed file shares accessible via SMB, NFS and REST, mountable from cloud or on-premises systems.Foundational
- Azure FirewallAzure managed, stateful firewall-as-a-service for filtering network and application traffic across virtual networks.Intermediate
- Azure Front DoorMicrosoft global layer 7 entry point combining CDN, global HTTP load balancing, TLS offload and WAF at the edge.Intermediate
- Azure FunctionsAzure serverless compute service that runs event-triggered code with automatic scaling.Foundational
- Azure Hybrid BenefitLicensing benefit letting customers use on-premises Windows Server and SQL Server licenses with Software Assurance on Azure.Foundational
- Azure Key VaultAzure service for securely storing and controlling access to secrets, encryption keys and certificates.Intermediate
- Azure Landing ZoneMicrosoft's reference architecture for a scalable, governed multi-subscription Azure environment, part of the Cloud Adoption Framework.Advanced
- Azure Load BalancerAzure layer 4 load balancer distributing TCP and UDP traffic across VMs, available as public or internal.Foundational
- Azure LocalMicrosoft hybrid infrastructure solution (formerly Azure Stack HCI) running VMs and Azure services on validated on-premises hardware.Advanced
- Azure Logic AppsAzure low-code service for building automated workflows that integrate apps, data and services using hundreds of connectors.Intermediate
- Azure Machine LearningAzure's platform for training, deploying and managing ML models with MLOps capabilities.Intermediate
- Azure Managed DisksBlock-level storage volumes for Azure VMs managed by Azure, offered as Ultra, Premium SSD v2, Premium SSD, Standard SSD and Standard HDD.Intermediate
- Azure MigrateAzure hub for discovering, assessing and migrating on-premises servers, databases, web apps and VDI to Azure.Intermediate
- Azure MonitorAzure's comprehensive monitoring platform collecting metrics and logs from Azure, hybrid and multicloud resources.Foundational
- Azure NAT GatewayFully managed Azure service providing outbound-only internet connectivity for subnets using static public IPs.Intermediate
- Azure OpenAIMicrosoft's service providing OpenAI models such as GPT and embedding models with Azure security, networking and compliance.Foundational
- Azure PipelinesThe CI/CD service in Azure DevOps that builds, tests, and deploys code using YAML or classic pipelines on Microsoft-hosted or self-hosted agents.Foundational
- Azure PolicyAzure service that creates, assigns and evaluates rules to enforce organizational standards and assess compliance at scale.Foundational
- Azure PortalWeb-based unified console for building, managing and monitoring Azure resources.Foundational
- Azure Private LinkAzure service that exposes PaaS services or your own services through private endpoints with private IPs in your VNet.Intermediate
- Azure Region PairPairing of two Azure regions in the same geography used for prioritized recovery, sequential updates and geo-redundant replication.Intermediate
- Azure ReservationsAzure commitment of 1 or 3 years to specific resources such as VMs or SQL compute in a region in exchange for large discounts.Foundational
- Azure Resource Manager (ARM)Azure's deployment and management service; every request from portal, CLI, PowerShell or SDK passes through it.Foundational
- Azure Resource Manager Template (ARM template)A JSON file that declaratively defines Azure resources for deployment through Azure Resource Manager.Intermediate
- Azure Role-Based Access Control (Azure RBAC)Authorization system for Azure resources that assigns role definitions to security principals at a scope.Foundational
- Azure Savings Plan for ComputeAzure pricing model committing to a fixed hourly spend on compute for 1 or 3 years to get discounts across services and regions.Intermediate
- Azure Service BusAzure fully managed enterprise message broker with queues and publish-subscribe topics.Intermediate
- Azure Service HealthPersonalized view of Azure service issues, planned maintenance and health advisories affecting your subscriptions and regions.Foundational
- Azure Site Recovery (ASR)Azure disaster recovery service that replicates VMs and physical servers and orchestrates failover and failback.Intermediate
- Azure Spot Virtual MachinesAzure VMs using unused capacity at deep discounts that can be evicted when Azure needs the capacity.Intermediate
- Azure SQL DatabaseAzure fully managed PaaS relational database engine based on the latest stable SQL Server.Foundational
- Azure SQL Elastic PoolA shared pool of compute and storage resources for multiple Azure SQL databases with variable, unpredictable usage.Intermediate
- Azure SQL HyperscaleAn Azure SQL Database service tier with a distributed storage architecture that supports databases up to 128 TB, fast scaling and near-instant backups.Advanced
- Azure SQL Managed InstanceAzure PaaS offering with near-100 percent compatibility with the SQL Server database engine, deployed into a virtual network.Intermediate
- Azure Storage AccountAzure resource providing a unique namespace for Blob, Files, Queue and Table data with shared settings for redundancy and access.Foundational
- Azure Storage RedundancyAzure Storage replication options: LRS, ZRS, GRS, GZRS and read-access variants RA-GRS and RA-GZRS.Intermediate
- Azure Stream Analytics (ASA)A serverless real-time analytics service that runs SQL-like queries over streams from Event Hubs, IoT Hub or Blob Storage.Advanced
- Azure SubscriptionLogical container for Azure resources that serves as a billing boundary and an access control boundary.Foundational
- Azure Synapse AnalyticsAzure's analytics service combining dedicated and serverless SQL pools, Spark pools and pipelines; Microsoft now positions Fabric as its successor.Intermediate
- Azure Traffic ManagerAzure DNS-based traffic load balancer that directs clients to endpoints across regions using routing methods.Intermediate
- Azure Virtual Desktop (AVD)Azure Desktop as a Service that delivers Windows desktops and remote apps, including multi-session Windows 11.Intermediate
- Azure Virtual MachinesAzure IaaS compute service providing on-demand Windows and Linux virtual machines.Foundational
- Azure Virtual Network (VNet)Azure's fundamental private network that isolates resources and enables communication with each other, the internet and on-premises networks.Foundational
- Azure Virtual WANMicrosoft-managed networking service that unifies VPN, ExpressRoute, VNet connectivity and security in hub-and-spoke hubs.Advanced
- Azure VPN GatewayAzure virtual network gateway that sends encrypted IPsec/IKE traffic for site-to-site, point-to-site and VNet-to-VNet connections.Intermediate
- Azure Well-Architected Framework (WAF)Microsoft guidance for improving the quality of Azure workloads across five pillars.Foundational