Certification terms: I

348 study terms starting with I.

348 terms

IAM Access AnalyzerAWS feature that identifies resources shared externally, unused access and policy issues using automated reasoning.Advanced
IAM GroupCollection of IAM users that share attached permission policies.Foundational
IAM PolicyJSON document defining permissions with Effect, Action, Resource and optional Condition elements.Foundational
IAM Policy Evaluation LogicRules AWS uses to decide a request: explicit deny wins, then an allow is required from all applicable policy types; otherwise implicit deny.Advanced
IAM RoleAWS identity with permission policies that trusted principals assume to obtain temporary security credentials.Foundational
IAM UserAWS identity representing a person or application with long-term credentials such as a password or access keys.Foundational
ICMP Echo ReplyICMP type 0 message returned in response to an echo request, confirming reachability and providing round-trip time.Foundational
ICMP Echo RequestICMP type 8 message sent by ping to test whether a destination is reachable.Foundational
ICMPv6The IPv6 version of ICMP (next header 58), which handles errors, diagnostics, Neighbor Discovery and multicast listener discovery.Intermediate
ID TokenOIDC JSON Web Token that asserts the identity of the authenticated user to the client application.Advanced
IdempotencyThe property that applying the same operation multiple times produces the same result as applying it once.Foundational
Idempotency KeyA unique client-supplied value that lets a server recognize repeated requests and perform an operation only once.Advanced
Idempotent PipelineA pipeline that produces the same result no matter how many times it runs on the same input.Advanced
IdentificationThe act of a subject claiming an identity, such as entering a username, before it is authenticated.Foundational
Identification and Authentication FailuresOWASP Top 10 category for weaknesses in confirming user identity, authentication and session management.Foundational
Identification and Reconciliation Engine (IRE)CMDB framework that identifies whether incoming CI data matches existing CIs and reconciles which source can update which attributes.Advanced
Identify RisksProcess of identifying individual project risks and sources of overall project risk and documenting their characteristics.Foundational
Identity and Access Management (IAM)Policies, processes, and technologies for managing digital identities and controlling their access to resources.Foundational
Identity ColumnA column whose values the database generates automatically, typically incrementing integers, often used as a surrogate key.Intermediate
Identity Governance and Administration (IGA)Discipline and tools for managing identity lifecycle, access requests, certifications, and policy compliance.Advanced
Identity Lifecycle ManagementManaging identities from creation through role changes to removal, often called joiner-mover-leaver.Intermediate
Identity Pre-Shared Key (iPSK)A WLAN design in which each user or device group has its own passphrase on the same SSID.Intermediate
Identity ProofingVerifying that a person is who they claim to be before issuing credentials.Intermediate
Identity Provider (IdP)System that authenticates users and issues identity assertions or tokens to relying applications.Foundational
Identity ResolutionData 360 process that links records about the same person or account into unified profiles using match and reconciliation rules.Advanced
Identity Trust List (ITL)A CUCM file, created by default, that lets phones verify the signature of configuration files and trust CUCM services.Advanced
Identity-Aware Proxy (IAP)Google Cloud service that enforces identity- and context-based access to applications and VMs without a VPN.Intermediate
IEC 60870-5-104 (IEC 104)An IEC telecontrol protocol carrying SCADA traffic over TCP/IP, widely used in European power grids.Advanced
IEC 61850An international standard for communication in electrical substation automation, defining data models and protocols such as GOOSE, Sampled Values and MMS.Advanced
IEC 62351A series of IEC standards that add security to power system communication protocols such as IEC 61850, IEC 60870-5-104 and DNP3.Advanced
IEC 62443The ISA/IEC series of standards for cybersecurity of industrial automation and control systems (IACS), covering asset owners, integrators and product suppliers.Intermediate
IEC 62443 Foundational Requirements (FR)The seven groups of security requirements in IEC 62443 against which systems and components are assessed.Advanced
IEC 62443 Security Levels (SL)Four security levels in IEC 62443 describing the capability required to protect against increasingly capable attackers.Advanced
IEC 62443-4-1The part of IEC 62443 that specifies secure product development lifecycle requirements for suppliers of industrial automation components.Advanced
IEEE 802.11The IEEE family of standards defining wireless LAN PHY and MAC layers, commonly known as Wi-Fi.Foundational
IEEE 802.11a1999 amendment defining OFDM in the 5 GHz band with data rates up to 54 Mbps.Foundational
IEEE 802.11ac2013 amendment (Wi-Fi 5) for 5 GHz only, adding 80/160 MHz channels, 256-QAM, up to 8 streams, and downlink MU-MIMO.Foundational
IEEE 802.11adAmendment (WiGig) for multi-gigabit Wi-Fi in the 60 GHz band over very short range.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11ahAmendment for sub-1 GHz Wi-Fi supporting long-range, low-power IoT; marketed as Wi-Fi HaLow.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11axAmendment (Wi-Fi 6/6E) focused on efficiency in dense environments with OFDMA, UL/DL MU-MIMO, 1024-QAM, and TWT.Foundational
IEEE 802.11ayEnhancement to 60 GHz Wi-Fi (EDMG) adding channel bonding and MIMO for tens of Gbps.Advanced
IEEE 802.11azNext Generation Positioning amendment improving Wi-Fi ranging accuracy and security.Advanced
IEEE 802.11b1999 amendment defining HR-DSSS in 2.4 GHz with data rates of 1, 2, 5.5, and 11 Mbps.Foundational
IEEE 802.11bbAmendment defining light communications (Li-Fi) using the 802.11 MAC.Advanced
IEEE 802.11beAmendment marketed as Wi-Fi 7, adding 320 MHz channels, 4096-QAM, Multi-Link Operation, and Multi-RU.Foundational
IEEE 802.11bfAmendment defining WLAN sensing, using Wi-Fi signals to detect motion and presence.Advanced
IEEE 802.11bnAmendment in development, expected to be Wi-Fi 8, focused on Ultra High Reliability (UHR).Advanced
IEEE 802.11dAmendment allowing APs to advertise country regulatory information in beacons.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11eAmendment adding quality of service to the 802.11 MAC, including EDCA and HCCA.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11g2003 amendment bringing OFDM (ERP) to 2.4 GHz with rates up to 54 Mbps, backward compatible with 802.11b.Foundational
IEEE 802.11hAmendment adding DFS and TPC so 5 GHz Wi-Fi can coexist with radar and meet European rules.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11i2004 security amendment defining Robust Security Networks with CCMP/AES, TKIP, and 802.1X/PSK key management.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11kRadio resource measurement amendment that lets clients request neighbor reports to roam faster.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11mcRevision work that introduced Fine Timing Measurement (FTM) for Wi-Fi round-trip-time location.Advanced
IEEE 802.11n2009 amendment (Wi-Fi 4) adding MIMO, 40 MHz channels, and frame aggregation in 2.4 and 5 GHz, up to 600 Mbps.Foundational
IEEE 802.11rFast BSS Transition amendment that allows key negotiation during or before reassociation for fast roaming.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11sAmendment defining standardized wireless mesh networking among 802.11 stations.Advanced
IEEE 802.11uInterworking with External Networks amendment enabling pre-association network discovery.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11vWireless network management amendment including BSS Transition Management and other client steering features.Intermediate
IEEE 802.11wAmendment that protects selected management frames such as deauthentication and disassociation.Intermediate
IEEE 802.15.4IEEE standard for low-rate wireless personal area network PHY and MAC layers used by Zigbee and Thread.Advanced
IEEE 802.1ad (Q-in-Q)A standard for stacking two VLAN tags (S-tag and C-tag) so providers can carry customer VLANs transparently.Advanced
IEEE 802.1QThe IEEE standard for VLAN tagging that inserts a 4-byte tag with a 12-bit VLAN ID into Ethernet frames.Foundational
IEEE 802.1XPort-based network access control standard that authenticates devices before allowing traffic on wired or wireless networks.Foundational
IEEE 802.3The IEEE working group and family of standards that define wired Ethernet physical layers and MAC.Foundational
IGMP SnoopingA switch feature that listens to IGMP messages to forward multicast frames only to ports with interested receivers.Intermediate
Image ClassificationA computer vision task that assigns a label to an entire image.Foundational
Image DeploymentInstalling a preconfigured OS image on multiple computers.Intermediate
Image DigestThe immutable sha256 content hash that uniquely identifies a specific container image manifest.Intermediate
Image ScanningAnalyzing container images for known vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, secrets, and license issues.Intermediate
Image SegmentationA computer vision task that labels each pixel of an image with a class or object instance.Intermediate
Image SigningCryptographically signing container images so deployment systems can verify their origin and integrity before running them.Intermediate
Image StreamAn OpenShift abstraction that tracks container image references by tag and can trigger builds or deployments when images change.Advanced
Imaging DrumThe photosensitive cylinder in a laser printer that holds the electrostatic image and attracts toner.Intermediate
Immediate Tactical GoalEBM's near-term, critical objective a team works on toward an intermediate goal.Advanced
Immutable BackupA backup that cannot be modified or deleted for a defined retention period, even by administrators.Intermediate
Immutable InfrastructureAn approach where servers or containers are never modified after deployment; changes are made by replacing them with new instances built from a new image.Intermediate
ImpactThe magnitude of harm or consequence if a risk event occurs.Foundational
Impact AnalysisAssessment of the effects a proposed change will have on stakeholders, requirements, the solution, and the project.Intermediate
Impact MappingStrategic planning technique linking a goal to actors, impacts (behavior changes), and deliverables.Advanced
Impact PrinterA printer that strikes an inked ribbon against paper, such as a dot matrix printer.Foundational
ImpedanceThe opposition to alternating current flow, measured in ohms; Wi-Fi RF systems use 50 ohms.Intermediate
ImpedimentAnything that blocks or slows a team's progress toward its goal.Foundational
Imperative ConfigurationSpecifying the explicit sequence of commands or steps needed to change a system's state.Foundational
Impersonate UserAdmin feature to view and test the instance as another user would.Foundational
ImpersonationPretending to be another person or role, such as an executive, technician or vendor, to gain trust or access.Foundational
Implementation and Migration PlanDeliverable providing the schedule and resources for implementing the target architecture via projects.Intermediate
Implementation Factor Assessment and Deduction MatrixPhase E technique documenting factors (risks, issues, assumptions, dependencies) that affect migration and implementation.Advanced
Implicit ConversionAutomatic conversion of one data type to another by the database engine when an expression mixes types.Intermediate
Implicit DenyDefault rule that blocks any traffic or access not explicitly permitted.Foundational
Implicit SharingBuilt-in sharing between parent accounts and their child contacts, opportunities and cases that cannot be configured.Advanced
Implicit Trust ZoneArea behind a policy enforcement point where entities are trusted to the last enforcement check.Advanced
Import ModeA Power BI storage mode that loads compressed data into the in-memory VertiPaq engine for the fastest query performance.Foundational
Import SetStaging table where imported data lands before being transformed into target tables.Intermediate
Imposed DateA fixed date placed on an activity or milestone, such as 'start no earlier than' or 'finish no later than'.Intermediate
Impossible TravelDetection that flags sign-ins from geographically distant locations within a time too short for real travel.Intermediate
Improper Credential UsageMobile Top 10 2024 risk (M1) covering hard-coded credentials, insecure credential transmission and storage, and weak authentication of the app to backends.Foundational
Improper Inventory ManagementAPI9:2023, failure to track API hosts, versions and endpoints, leaving old, debug or undocumented APIs exposed.Intermediate
ImputationFilling in missing values in a dataset with estimated substitutes.Foundational
IMSI CatcherA fake cellular base station that tricks phones into connecting to capture identities or intercept traffic.Advanced
IN OperatorA predicate that tests whether a value matches any value in a list or subquery.Foundational
In-Context Learning (ICL)A model's ability to learn a task from instructions and examples in the prompt without weight updates.Intermediate
In-Memory DatabaseA database that keeps its primary data in RAM for microsecond to millisecond access, often with optional persistence.Intermediate
In-Place UpgradeUpgrading or repairing an operating system while keeping user files, settings, and applications.Foundational
In-Plane Switching (IPS)An LCD panel technology offering wide viewing angles and accurate color reproduction.Foundational
in-totoA framework (a CNCF graduated project) for securing software supply chains by creating signed attestations of each step and verifying them end to end.Advanced
Inbound Calling Search SpaceThe CSS assigned to a CUCM gateway or trunk that determines which partitions incoming calls from that device can reach.Intermediate
Inbound Change SetA change set received in a target org that an admin validates and deploys.Foundational
Inbound Dial Peer MatchingThe order IOS uses to choose a dial peer for an incoming call leg, ending with default dial peer 0 if nothing matches.Advanced
Inbound Email ActionScript that processes incoming emails to create or update records, classified as new, reply or forward.Intermediate
Incident Commander (IC)The person who coordinates the overall response to a major incident, delegating work and managing communication rather than fixing the issue directly.Intermediate
Incident ManagementITSM process and ServiceNow application for restoring normal service as quickly as possible after an unplanned interruption.Foundational
Incident Response (IR)The organized approach to preparing for, detecting, containing, eradicating and recovering from security incidents.Foundational
Incident Response Plan (IRP)A documented set of policies, roles and procedures guiding how an organization responds to security incidents.Foundational
Incident Response Team (CSIRT)The group responsible for handling security incidents, also called a computer security incident response team.Foundational
Incident SeverityA classification of an incident's urgency and impact used to prioritize response and escalation.Foundational
Inclusive Multicast Ethernet Tag Route (IMET)EVPN Type 3 route that a VTEP or PE advertises to signal interest in BUM traffic for a VNI or EVI.Advanced
IncrementA concrete stepping stone toward the Product Goal that is additive to all prior Increments and thoroughly verified.Foundational
Incremental BackupA backup that copies only data changed since the last backup of any type, minimizing backup time and storage.Foundational
Incremental DevelopmentApproach that delivers a solution in successive usable pieces, each adding functionality.Foundational
Incremental LoadLoading only data that is new or changed since the last run, instead of reloading everything.Intermediate
Incremental RefreshA Power BI policy that refreshes only recent partitions of large Import tables while keeping historical partitions, using RangeStart and RangeEnd parameters.Advanced
Incremental SPF (iSPF)An optimization where only the affected portion of the SPF tree is recalculated after a change.Advanced
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)An ad hoc network of stations communicating directly without an AP.Intermediate
Index FragmentationDisorder in index pages, either logical (pages out of order) or low page density, which reduces scan efficiency.Advanced
Index SeekAn access method that navigates an index tree directly to the matching keys instead of reading the whole index or table.Advanced
IndicatorPerformance Analytics metric (automated, formula or manual) such as Number of open incidents.Advanced
Indicator (IRM)Automated or manual check that monitors a control or risk using platform data, scripts or PA indicators.Advanced
Indicator of Attack (IoA)Evidence of attacker behavior or intent in progress, focusing on techniques rather than specific artifacts.Intermediate
Indicator of Compromise (IoC)Forensic evidence that a system or network has likely been breached, such as malicious hashes, IPs, domains or registry keys.Foundational
Indicator SourceDefinition of the table, conditions and frequency for records used by automated indicators.Advanced
Indirect Lookup RelationshipRelationship linking an external object child to a standard or custom Salesforce parent object using a unique external ID field on the parent.Advanced
Indirect Prompt InjectionPrompt injection delivered through external content the model processes, such as a web page, email, file or tool output.Intermediate
Individual Project RiskAn uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on one or more project objectives.Foundational
Industrial Control System (ICS)A general term for control systems (SCADA, DCS, PLC-based systems) used to operate industrial processes.Foundational
Industrial DMZ (IDMZ)A buffer network between enterprise IT and OT networks that brokers all data exchange so no traffic flows directly between them.Intermediate
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical Band (ISM)Unlicensed frequency bands, including 902-928 MHz and 2.400-2.4835 GHz, used by Wi-Fi and other devices.Foundational
IndustroyerMalware used in the December 2016 attack that caused a power outage in Kyiv, Ukraine, by directly speaking grid control protocols.Advanced
InferenceUsing a trained model to make predictions or generate outputs on new data.Foundational
Inference ParametersSettings supplied at request time that shape model output, such as temperature, top-p, max tokens and stop sequences.Foundational
Inference ThroughputThe amount of work an inference system completes per unit time, such as tokens or requests per second.Intermediate
Inferential StatisticsUsing sample data to draw conclusions or make predictions about a larger population, with quantified uncertainty.Foundational
InfiniBandA high-throughput, low-latency network fabric with native RDMA, widely used to connect GPU clusters.Intermediate
Information DisclosureExposure of information to someone not authorized to see it.Foundational
Information MapBusiness architecture artifact describing business information concepts and their relationships.Advanced
Information RadiatorA highly visible display of project information placed where people can easily see it.Foundational
Information Rights Management (IRM)Technology that applies persistent usage restrictions to documents and emails wherever they travel.Intermediate
Information Security GovernanceThe leadership, structures, and processes that ensure security strategy supports business objectives and manages risk to an acceptable level.Foundational
Information Security Management System (ISMS)Systematic, risk-based management system for protecting information through policies, processes, and controls.Foundational
Information Sharing and Analysis Center (ISAC)A sector-based organization that facilitates sharing of threat information among member companies.Foundational
Information System Security Officer (ISSO)Individual responsible for maintaining the day-to-day operational security posture of an information system.Intermediate
InfostealerMalware designed to harvest credentials, browser cookies, crypto wallets and other sensitive data from infected systems.Intermediate
Infrared Control (IR)Controlling AV devices by sending modulated infrared light commands, either from a remote or from wired IR emitters.Foundational
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)Cloud service model providing virtualized compute, storage and networking; the customer manages the OS, runtime, apps and data.Foundational
Infrastructure as Code (IaC)Managing and provisioning infrastructure through machine-readable definition files rather than manual configuration.Foundational
Infrastructure as Code ScanningStatic analysis of Terraform, CloudFormation, Kubernetes manifests, Helm charts and similar templates for security misconfigurations before deployment.Intermediate
Infrastructure MasterThe domain-wide FSMO role that updates cross-domain object references, such as group members from other domains.Advanced
Infrastructure ModeWLAN operation in which clients connect through an access point.Foundational
Infrastructure PipelineA CI/CD pipeline that validates, plans, and applies infrastructure as code changes.Intermediate
Ingestion APIData 360 API for sending data via streaming (near-real-time micro-batches) or bulk (CSV job) patterns.Advanced
IngressA Kubernetes API object that manages external HTTP/HTTPS access to Services with host- and path-based routing and TLS termination.Intermediate
Ingress ControllerA component running in the cluster that implements Ingress rules by configuring a reverse proxy or cloud load balancer.Intermediate
Ingress Replication (IR)A BUM handling method where the ingress VTEP sends a unicast copy of each BUM packet to every remote VTEP in the VNI, avoiding underlay multicast.Advanced
Inherence FactorAuthentication factor based on something the user is, such as a fingerprint, face, iris, or voice.Foundational
Inherent RiskLevel of risk before any controls or treatments are applied.Intermediate
Init ContainerA container in a pod that runs to completion before the app containers start, used for setup tasks.Intermediate
Initial AccessThe ATT&CK tactic (TA0001) covering techniques adversaries use to gain their first foothold in a network.Intermediate
Initial Access Broker (IAB)A cybercriminal who compromises networks and sells that access to other criminals such as ransomware affiliates.Advanced
Initialization Vector (IV)A random or unique value combined with a key to ensure the same plaintext encrypts to different ciphertext.Intermediate
initramfsAn initial RAM filesystem loaded by the boot loader that contains drivers and tools needed to mount the real root filesystem.Advanced
InjectionOWASP Top 10 category for flaws where untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query.Foundational
Ink CartridgeA replaceable container of liquid ink for inkjet printers, sometimes including the printhead.Foundational
Inkjet PrinterA printer that sprays tiny droplets of liquid ink from a printhead onto paper.Foundational
Inmon MethodologyBill Inmon's top-down approach that builds a normalized (3NF) enterprise data warehouse first, then derives dimensional data marts.Intermediate
INNER JOINA join that returns only rows with matching values in both tables.Foundational
Innovation and Planning Iteration (IP Iteration)A SAFe iteration at the end of each PI for innovation, PI Planning, Inspect and Adapt, and buffer.Intermediate
InodeA filesystem data structure storing a file's metadata (owner, permissions, timestamps, block pointers) but not its name.Intermediate
Input ControlsApplication controls ensuring data entered is authorized, complete, accurate, and valid.Intermediate
Input ValidationChecking that all untrusted input conforms to expected type, length, format and range before it is processed.Foundational
Input Voltage SelectionConfiguring or relying on a PSU to accept regional AC voltages such as 115 V or 230 V.Foundational
Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS)A storage performance metric counting how many read and write operations a device or system completes each second.Intermediate
inputs.confA Splunk configuration file that defines what data a Splunk instance collects and how it is labeled.Advanced
Insecure Communication (Mobile)Mobile Top 10 risk (M5) where an app transmits data without strong transport security or validates certificates improperly.Foundational
Insecure Data Storage (Mobile)Storing sensitive data on a mobile device in a way that other apps, backups or someone with physical access can read.Foundational
Insecure DeserializationDeserializing untrusted data in a way that lets an attacker manipulate objects, often leading to remote code execution.Intermediate
Insecure DesignOWASP Top 10 category for flaws rooted in missing or ineffective security controls at the design level rather than implementation bugs.Intermediate
Insecure Direct Object Reference (IDOR)An access control flaw where an application exposes an internal object identifier and does not verify the user is authorized for that object.Foundational
Insecure Password RecoveryWeak account recovery flows that let attackers reset other users' passwords.Intermediate
Insecure RandomnessUsing a predictable random number generator for security-sensitive values such as tokens, keys or nonces.Intermediate
INSERT StatementThe DML statement that adds new rows to a table, from literal values or from a SELECT.Foundational
Insertion LossThe total signal loss caused by inserting a component or cable segment into a link, measured in dB.Intermediate
Inside Global AddressIn Cisco NAT terminology, the public address that represents an inside host to the outside world.Intermediate
Inside Local AddressIn Cisco NAT terminology, the address of an inside host as seen on the inside network, usually a private address.Intermediate
Insider ThreatA risk posed by a current or former employee, contractor or partner who misuses authorized access, maliciously or by accident.Foundational
Inspect and Adapt (I&A)A significant SAFe event held at the end of each PI to demonstrate, measure, and improve the ART.Intermediate
Instance CloneCopy of a production instance's data and configuration onto a sub-production instance.Intermediate
Instance Metadata Service (IMDS)Link-local endpoint (169.254.169.254) from which an EC2 instance reads its metadata, user data and role credentials.Advanced
Instance ScanTool that checks an instance's configuration against best-practice checks for security, performance, upgradability and manageability.Advanced
Instance StoreTemporary block storage physically attached to the EC2 host, offering very high I/O but losing data when the instance stops or terminates.Intermediate
Instant CloneA desktop provisioning technique that creates VMs rapidly by forking a running parent VM's memory and disk state.Advanced
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)A professional organization whose standards association publishes the 802 family of LAN and MAN standards.Foundational
Instruction TuningSupervised fine-tuning on many instruction-response examples so a model follows natural-language instructions.Intermediate
Insufficient Binary ProtectionsMobile Top 10 2024 risk (M7) where app binaries lack protections against reverse engineering and tampering.Intermediate
Integer OverflowAn arithmetic result that exceeds the maximum value of its integer type and wraps around, often leading to undersized buffers.Advanced
Integrated Change ControlProcess of reviewing all change requests, approving or rejecting them, and managing changes to deliverables, documents, and the plan.Foundational
Integrated Dell Remote Access Controller (iDRAC)Dell's BMC for PowerEdge servers, providing remote console, virtual media, firmware updates and hardware monitoring.Foundational
Integrated Graphics (iGPU)A graphics processor built into the CPU or SoC that uses shared system memory.Foundational
Integrated IncrementIn Nexus, the current sum of all integrated work completed by the Scrum Teams in a Nexus.Advanced
Integrated Risk Management (IRM)Set of practices and technology that integrate risk management across business, IT, and compliance functions.Intermediate
Integrated Routing and Bridging (IRB)A logical Layer 3 interface bound to a bridge domain or VLAN, the Junos and EVPN equivalent of an SVI.Intermediate
Integrated Services (IntServ)A QoS model that reserves resources per flow end to end using RSVP signaling.Intermediate
Integrated Test Facility (ITF)Technique creating dummy entities in a production system so test transactions are processed alongside live data.Advanced
Integration PatternReusable solution approach for system integration documented in Salesforce's Integration Patterns and Practices.Intermediate
Integration Procedure (IP)Server-side OmniStudio process that executes multiple actions, such as data mapper calls and HTTP callouts, in one call without UI.Intermediate
Integration Runtime (IR)The compute infrastructure Azure Data Factory and Synapse use for data movement and activity dispatch: Azure, self-hosted or Azure-SSIS.Advanced
Integration TestAn automated test that verifies multiple components or services work together correctly.Foundational
Integration UserDedicated API-only user with the Salesforce Integration license and minimal permissions used by system integrations.Intermediate
IntegrationHubServiceNow integration capability providing spokes, REST/SOAP/PowerShell steps and data streams for Flow Designer.Intermediate
IntegritySecurity goal ensuring data and systems are accurate, complete, and not altered by unauthorized parties.Foundational
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)A microprocessor-based controller in power systems, such as a protection relay, that performs control, protection and communication functions.Advanced
Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)A legacy standard interface for out-of-band server management through the BMC, supporting sensor reads, power control and serial-over-LAN.Intermediate
Intentional Radiator (IR)The RF device and cabling up to, but not including, the antenna.Intermediate
Inter-AS MPLS VPNOptions for extending MPLS L3VPNs across autonomous systems: Option A (back-to-back VRF), B (VPNv4 eBGP between ASBRs) and C (multihop VPNv4 between RRs).Advanced
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)Corruption that occurs when delayed multipath copies of one symbol overlap the next symbol.Advanced
Inter-VLAN RoutingRouting packets between VLANs using a router or Layer 3 switch.Foundational
Interactive Application Security Testing (IAST)Security testing that uses agents instrumented inside a running application to observe code execution and data flow during functional tests.Intermediate
Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE)A framework (RFC 8445) that finds the best working media path between endpoints behind NAT using host, reflexive and relay candidates.Advanced
Interactive Voice Response (IVR)An automated phone system that interacts with callers through recorded prompts, touch-tone input and speech recognition.Foundational
Intercepting ProxyA tool that sits between a browser or app and a server to capture, inspect and modify HTTP(S) traffic.Foundational
Intercluster Lookup Service (ILS)A CUCM service that shares cluster information, directory URIs and +E.164 patterns between clusters for automatic intercluster routing.Advanced
IntercomA CUCM feature providing one-way or two-way speakerphone calls to a designated phone, with a whisper path and auto-answer.Intermediate
Interdigit Timeout (T302)The CUCM timer (15 seconds by default) that waits for further digits before routing a call when a longer pattern might still match.Intermediate
Interface AnalysisTechnique to identify where, what, why, when, how, and for whom information is exchanged between solution components or systems.Intermediate
Interface Configuration Command (ifconfig)A legacy Unix/Linux command for viewing and configuring network interfaces, replaced on Linux by the ip command.Foundational
Interface ErrorsCounters on network interfaces that track problems such as CRC errors, runts, giants, collisions, drops and discards.Foundational
Interface Identifier (IID)The host portion of an IPv6 address, normally the last 64 bits.Intermediate
Interim Authorization to Test (IATT)Limited authorization to test a system in an operational environment with live data for a specified time.Advanced
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)A routing protocol used to exchange routes within a single autonomous system, such as OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP or RIP.Foundational
Intermediate Certificate AuthorityA subordinate CA whose certificate is signed by a root or another intermediate and that issues end-entity certificates.Foundational
Intermediate Distribution Frame (IDF)A secondary telecommunications room that serves a floor or area, connecting horizontal cabling to access switches and backbone links to the MDF.Foundational
Intermediate GoalEBM goal that, when achieved, indicates progress toward a strategic goal.Advanced
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)A link-state IGP originally for OSI CLNS that runs directly over Layer 2 and is widely used in service provider cores.Intermediate
Internal AuditIndependent, objective assurance and consulting activity within an organization that evaluates governance, risk management, and control.Foundational
Internal BGP (iBGP)A BGP session between routers in the same autonomous system.Intermediate
Internal ControlProcess designed to provide reasonable assurance about achieving objectives in operations, reporting, and compliance.Foundational
Internal Developer Platform (IDP)A self-service layer, built by a platform team, that lets developers provision environments and deploy applications without filing tickets.Intermediate
Internal Rate of Return (IRR)The discount rate at which a project's net present value equals zero.Intermediate
Internal Spanning Tree (IST)MST instance 0, which carries BPDUs for the region and connects it to the Common and Internal Spanning Tree (CIST).Advanced
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)A unique 15-digit number that identifies a mobile device's hardware.Intermediate
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)A unique number stored on the SIM that identifies the subscriber on a cellular network.Intermediate
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)The function, operated by PTI under ICANN, that coordinates global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management and protocol number registries.Foundational
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)The Layer 3 protocol (IP protocol 1) used for error reporting and diagnostics, such as ping and traceroute.Foundational
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)The open standards body that develops and publishes Internet protocol standards as RFCs.Foundational
Internet Gateway (IGW)Horizontally scaled, highly available VPC component that enables communication between a VPC and the internet.Foundational
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)The IPv4 protocol hosts use to join and leave multicast groups with their local router (IP protocol 2).Intermediate
Internet Key Exchange (IKE)Protocol that negotiates IPsec security associations and keys, using UDP 500 and UDP 4500 for NAT traversal.Advanced
Internet LayerThe TCP/IP model layer that handles logical addressing and routing, equivalent to OSI Layer 3.Foundational
Internet Low Bitrate Codec (iLBC)A royalty-free narrowband speech codec designed for robustness to packet loss, at 13.33 or 15.2 kbps.Intermediate
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)An email retrieval protocol that keeps messages on the server and synchronizes them across clients, using TCP 143 (or 993 with TLS).Foundational
Internet of Things (IoT)Networked sensors, actuators, and devices that collect data and interact with the physical world.Foundational
Internet of Things SecurityPractices for protecting connected devices with limited resources, long lifespans, and often weak default security.Intermediate
Internet Options (inetcpl.cpl)A Control Panel applet for system-wide web settings such as proxy, security zones, and certificates.Intermediate
Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)A standard protocol for submitting and managing print jobs over a network, using TCP port 631.Intermediate
Internet Protocol (IP)The connectionless Layer 3 protocol that addresses and routes packets across interconnected networks.Foundational
Internet Protocol Security (IPsec)Suite of protocols that authenticates and encrypts IP packets, used mainly for site-to-site and remote-access VPNs.Intermediate
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)The fourth version of IP, using 32-bit addresses written in dotted-decimal notation, defined in RFC 791.Foundational
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)The successor to IPv4, using 128-bit addresses written in hexadecimal, defined in RFC 8200.Foundational
Internet Service Provider (ISP)A company that provides Internet access and related services to customers.Foundational
Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI)A protocol that carries SCSI block storage commands over TCP/IP, using TCP port 3260.Intermediate
Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP)A carrier that offers PSTN connectivity, phone numbers and calling services to enterprises over SIP trunks.Foundational
InteroperabilityAbility of cloud services, systems and components from different providers to exchange and use information.Intermediate
Interquartile Range (IQR)The spread of the middle 50% of data: the third quartile minus the first quartile (Q3 - Q1).Foundational
INTERSECT OperatorA set operator that returns only the distinct rows present in both query results.Intermediate
Interview HandlerA Unity Connection object that asks callers a series of recorded questions and saves the answers as a single message.Intermediate
Intrusion Detection System (IDS)System that monitors network or host activity and alerts on suspicious or malicious behavior without blocking it.Foundational
Intrusion Prevention System (IPS)Inline security system that detects and actively blocks malicious traffic in real time.Foundational
Inverse Square LawPower density falls in proportion to the square of the distance from the source.Intermediate
Inverted IndexA mapping from each term to the list of documents or rows that contain it, used by search engines and full-text indexes.Intermediate
InverterA board that converts DC to high-voltage AC to power CCFL backlights in older LCDs.Foundational
INVESTMnemonic for good user stories: Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, Testable.Foundational
Invocable MethodApex method annotated @InvocableMethod so it can be called from flows, Agentforce actions and the REST API.Intermediate
iOSApple's mobile operating system for iPhone, with iPadOS as a tablet-focused variant.Foundational
iOS KeychainApple's encrypted storage service for small secrets such as passwords, tokens and keys on iOS and macOS.Intermediate
iostatA Linux sysstat command that reports CPU and per-device I/O statistics such as IOPS, throughput, latency and utilization.Intermediate
ipThe iproute2 Linux command for viewing and configuring addresses, links, routes and neighbors, replacing ifconfig and route.Foundational
IP AddressA logical Layer 3 address that identifies a network interface and its network for routing purposes.Foundational
IP Address ConflictA condition in which two devices on the same network use the same IP address, causing intermittent connectivity for both.Foundational
IP Address Management (IPAM)Software and processes for planning, tracking and managing IP address space together with DHCP and DNS.Intermediate
IP CommandThe Linux iproute2 utility for managing addresses, links, routes and neighbors.Foundational
IP Configuration Command (ipconfig)The Windows command that displays and manages IP configuration.Foundational
IP Fabric UnderlayThe routed Layer 3 spine-leaf network, often using eBGP, that provides IP reachability and ECMP for an overlay such as VXLAN EVPN.Advanced
IP MulticastOne-to-many or many-to-many delivery where a source sends a single stream to a group address and routers replicate it only where receivers exist.Foundational
IP Phone Boot ProcessThe startup sequence in which a Cisco IP phone gets power, learns its voice VLAN, obtains an IP address and TFTP server, downloads its config and registers.Foundational
IP Phone HardeningDisabling unnecessary features on IP phones, such as PC port access, web access and gratuitous ARP, to reduce attack surface.Intermediate
IP PrecedenceThe legacy 3-bit priority field in the IPv4 ToS byte, values 0-7, superseded by DSCP.Foundational
IP Prefix RouteEVPN Type 5 route that advertises an IP prefix decoupled from any MAC address, used for external and inter-subnet routes.Advanced
IP Private Branch Exchange (IP PBX)A PBX that performs call control over an IP network, registering IP phones and soft clients instead of using TDM line cards.Foundational
IP Protocol NumberThe value in the IPv4 Protocol field (or IPv6 Next Header) that identifies the encapsulated upper-layer protocol.Intermediate
IP SLACisco IOS feature that generates synthetic probes (ICMP, UDP jitter, HTTP) to measure reachability and performance.Intermediate
IP SpoofingForging the source IP address of packets to hide the sender's identity or impersonate another system.Intermediate
IP WarmingGradual increase of send volume on a new dedicated IP address to build sender reputation with mailbox providers.Intermediate
iPerfAn open-source tool that measures network throughput between a client and server using TCP or UDP streams.Intermediate
IPMXInternet Protocol Media Experience, an open AV-over-IP standard for pro AV built on SMPTE ST 2110 and AMWA NMOS.Advanced
iptablesThe legacy Linux packet-filtering command that manages netfilter tables and chains such as INPUT, OUTPUT and FORWARD.Intermediate
IPv4 HeaderThe 20- to 60-byte header at the front of every IPv4 packet carrying addressing and control fields.Intermediate
IPv6 Address CompressionRules for shortening IPv6 addresses: omit leading zeros in each hextet and replace one longest run of all-zero hextets with ::.Foundational
IPv6 Address NotationIPv6 addresses are written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, with a /prefix length.Foundational
IPv6 Documentation PrefixThe prefix 2001:db8::/32, reserved by RFC 3849 for examples in documentation.Intermediate
IPv6 HeaderThe fixed 40-byte header of an IPv6 packet, with eight fields and optional extension headers chained after it.Intermediate
IPv6 Link-Local Address (LLA)An IPv6 address in fe80::/10, automatically configured on every IPv6 interface and valid only on the local link.Foundational
IPv6 Loopback AddressThe IPv6 address ::1/128, used by a host to send packets to itself.Foundational
IPv6 Multicast AddressIPv6 addresses in ff00::/8 that identify groups of interfaces, replacing the role of IPv4 broadcast.Intermediate
IPv6 SubnettingDividing an IPv6 prefix into smaller prefixes, normally on nibble boundaries and almost always ending with /64 LANs.Intermediate
IPv6 Unspecified AddressThe all-zeros IPv6 address ::/128, used as a source address before a host has an address.Intermediate
Iron Triangle InversionAgile reframing of the triple constraint in which time and cost are fixed and scope is variable.Intermediate
IS-IS Level 1Intra-area IS-IS routing; L1 routers know only their own area and use the closest L1/L2 router for other destinations.Intermediate
IS-IS Level 1/2 RouterAn IS-IS router participating in both levels, holding separate L1 and L2 databases, similar to an OSPF ABR.Intermediate
IS-IS Level 2Inter-area (backbone) IS-IS routing between L2 and L1/L2 routers, which may be in different areas.Intermediate
IS-IS Route LeakingAdvertising selected Level 2 prefixes into Level 1 so L1 routers choose optimal exits instead of the nearest default.Advanced
IS-IS Wide MetricsIS-IS extended 24-bit interface and 32-bit path metrics carried in TLVs 22 and 135, replacing the 6-bit narrow metric.Advanced
ISACA IT Audit Framework (ITAF)ISACA's professional practices framework containing IS audit and assurance standards, guidelines, and tools.Advanced
ISAE 3402International assurance standard for reports on controls at service organizations, equivalent to SOC 1.Advanced
iSCSI InitiatorThe client side of an iSCSI connection, implemented in software or a hardware adapter, that sends SCSI commands to a target.Intermediate
iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN)The globally unique name format identifying iSCSI initiators and targets, based on a date and reversed domain name.Intermediate
iSCSI TargetThe storage side of an iSCSI connection that presents LUNs to authorized initiators.Intermediate
ISO 22301International standard specifying requirements for a business continuity management system (BCMS).Intermediate
ISO 31000International standard providing principles, a framework, and a process for managing any type of risk.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 27001International standard specifying requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining, and improving an information security management system.Foundational
ISO/IEC 27002Code of practice providing guidance on implementing information security controls.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 27005ISO standard giving guidance on information security risk management in support of ISO/IEC 27001.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 27017Code of practice for information security controls for cloud services, for both providers and customers.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 27018Code of practice for protecting PII in public clouds acting as PII processors.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 27701International standard for a privacy information management system (PIMS), building on ISO/IEC 27001.Intermediate
ISO/IEC 38500International standard providing principles for the governance of IT by boards and governing bodies.Advanced
ISO/IEC 42001The international standard for an AI management system (AIMS), certifiable like ISO/IEC 27001.Intermediate
IsolationSeparating processes, systems, or networks so that compromise of one does not affect others.Foundational
Isolation (ACID)The ACID property that concurrent transactions do not see each other's intermediate, uncommitted changes.Foundational
Isotropic RadiatorA theoretical point source that radiates energy equally in every direction in a perfect sphere.Foundational
IssueA current condition or situation that may have an impact on project objectives.Foundational
Issue LogA project document where information about issues is recorded and monitored.Foundational
IstioA CNCF graduated open-source service mesh using Envoy proxies to provide traffic management, security, and observability.Advanced
IT Asset Management (ITAM)The practice of tracking IT assets across their lifecycle to maximize value, control costs, and manage risk.Intermediate
IT General Controls (ITGC)Controls over the IT environment that support the reliable operation of applications, such as access, change, and operations.Foundational
Iterative DevelopmentApproach that develops a solution through repeated cycles, refining it based on feedback each time.Foundational
Iterative DNS QueryA DNS query in which the server returns the best answer it has, often a referral to another server, rather than resolving fully.Intermediate
Iterator FunctionsDAX functions ending in X (SUMX, AVERAGEX, COUNTX, MAXX, RANKX) that evaluate an expression row by row over a table and then aggregate.Advanced
ITIL 4The current version of the IT Infrastructure Library framework for IT and digital service management, owned by PeopleCert.Foundational
ITIL Guiding PrinciplesSeven ITIL 4 recommendations that guide decisions in any situation.Foundational

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