Certification terms: O

225 study terms starting with O.

225 terms

OAuth 2.0An authorization framework that lets applications obtain limited, delegated access tokens to APIs without handling user passwords.Intermediate
OAuth 2.0 JWT Bearer FlowServer-to-server OAuth flow where a client signs a JWT with a certificate to obtain an access token without user interaction.Advanced
OAuth Redirect URI ValidationRequiring an exact match between the redirect URI in an OAuth request and the URIs registered for the client.Advanced
ObfuscationMaking data or code difficult to understand without changing its function, to hinder analysis.Foundational
Object DetectionA computer vision task that identifies and locates multiple objects in an image with bounding boxes.Intermediate
Object Identifier (OID)A dotted numeric identifier that uniquely names an object in the SNMP MIB tree.Intermediate
Object ManagerSetup area in Lightning Experience for managing standard and custom objects, fields, layouts and related configuration.Foundational
Object PermissionsProfile or permission set settings granting Create, Read, Edit and Delete access to an object.Foundational
Object StorageStorage architecture that manages data as objects with metadata and unique keys in a flat namespace, accessed via HTTP APIs.Foundational
Object Store v2 (OSv2)MuleSoft cloud key-value store for persisting data such as watermarks and cache entries across application restarts.Intermediate
Object TaggingAttaching key-value tags to Snowflake objects (accounts, warehouses, tables, columns) to track sensitive data, cost centers and ownership.Advanced
Object TrackingCisco feature that monitors the state of an interface, route or IP SLA and lets other features react to it.Intermediate
Object-Level Security (OLS)Power BI semantic model security that hides entire tables or columns from specified roles.Advanced
Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)A programming paradigm that organizes code into classes and objects combining data (attributes) and behavior (methods).Intermediate
Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)A technique and set of libraries (Hibernate, Entity Framework, SQLAlchemy) that map programming objects to relational tables.Intermediate
Object-Specific ActionQuick action defined on an object that runs in the context of a specific record.Foundational
Objectives and Key Results (OKR)Goal-setting framework pairing a qualitative objective with measurable key results.Intermediate
ObservabilityThe ability to understand a system's internal state from its external outputs, typically metrics, logs, and traces.Foundational
Observability for LLM ApplicationsTracing, logging and measuring prompts, responses, tool calls, tokens, latency and quality in LLM systems.Advanced
oc CLIThe OpenShift command-line client, a superset of kubectl with OpenShift-specific commands.Intermediate
OCI Always FreeOCI resources available indefinitely at no cost, such as limited Ampere compute, Autonomous Databases and storage.Foundational
OCI Cloud GuardOCI service that detects misconfigurations and risky activity across tenancies and can automatically remediate them.Intermediate
OCI FastConnectOCI dedicated private connection between on-premises networks and Oracle Cloud Infrastructure that bypasses the internet.Intermediate
OCI IAM PolicyHuman-readable OCI statement granting a group or dynamic group permissions on resource types in a compartment or tenancy.Intermediate
OCI Identity DomainContainer in OCI IAM that holds users, groups, applications and identity settings for a user population.Intermediate
OCI TenancyThe root container in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure that holds all of an organization's cloud resources, created at sign-up.Foundational
OCI VaultOCI managed service for encryption keys and secrets, backed by HSMs or software protection.Intermediate
OCSP StaplingTLS feature where the server fetches and attaches a signed OCSP response to its handshake.Intermediate
Octal Permission NotationA numeric representation of Linux permissions where read=4, write=2 and execute=1 are summed per owner, group and others.Foundational
OCTAVEOperationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation, a self-directed risk assessment methodology from Carnegie Mellon SEI.Advanced
OctetA group of 8 bits; an IPv4 address contains four octets.Foundational
Off-by-One ErrorA boundary error where a loop or calculation uses one too many or too few iterations, often overwriting a single byte past a buffer.Advanced
Off-SpecificationPRINCE2 issue type for something that should be provided but currently is not, or is forecast not to be.Advanced
Offer/Answer ModelThe RFC 3264 negotiation in which one side offers SDP media options and the other answers with the chosen subset.Intermediate
Offline Root CAA root certificate authority kept powered off or disconnected from networks to protect its private key.Intermediate
Ohm's LawThe electrical relationship V = I x R, with power P = V x I, used to calculate voltage, current, resistance and power.Foundational
OLAP CubeA multidimensional data structure that precomputes measures across dimensions for fast slicing and aggregation.Intermediate
Omni-ChannelService Cloud routing engine that pushes work items such as cases, chats and messages to available agents based on capacity and rules.Intermediate
OmnichannelA contact center approach that handles voice, chat, email, SMS and social interactions with shared routing, context and reporting.Foundational
Omnidirectional AntennaAn antenna that radiates equally in all horizontal directions in a doughnut-shaped pattern.Foundational
OmniScriptOmniStudio tool for building guided, step-by-step user interactions with branching logic and data operations.Foundational
Omnissa HorizonA VDI and published-apps platform, formerly VMware Horizon, delivering virtual desktops and applications.Intermediate
OmniStudioSalesforce suite of low-code tools for building guided, industry-specific digital experiences, originally from Vlocity.Foundational
On Error ContinueError scope that handles an error and returns its result as a successful response to the caller.Foundational
On Error PropagateError scope that runs its processors then rethrows the error to the caller.Foundational
On-Call RotationA schedule that assigns engineers responsibility for responding to production alerts during defined periods.Foundational
On-Demand Capacity Reservation (ODCR)AWS feature that reserves EC2 capacity in a specific AZ for any duration, without a term commitment.Advanced
On-Demand InstancesEC2 pricing model paying per second or hour for compute with no long-term commitment.Foundational
On-Demand Next Hop (ODN)A Cisco SR-TE feature that automatically instantiates an SR policy when a BGP route arrives with a matching color community.Advanced
On-Demand Self-ServiceNIST cloud characteristic: consumers provision compute, storage or network resources automatically without human interaction with the provider.Foundational
On-Path AttackAn attack in which the adversary positions themselves between two communicating parties to intercept or alter traffic.Foundational
On-Premises Data GatewaySoftware installed on a local machine that securely connects Power BI, Fabric, Power Apps and Logic Apps to on-premises data sources.Intermediate
One Button to Push (OBTP)A feature that shows a single Join button on a video device for meetings scheduled in its room calendar.Foundational
One-Hot EncodingRepresenting a categorical variable as multiple binary columns, one per category.Foundational
One-Tailed TestA hypothesis test in which the alternative specifies a direction (greater than or less than), so the rejection region lies in one tail.Intermediate
One-Time Pad (OTP)Cipher using a truly random key as long as the message, used only once, offering information-theoretic security.Intermediate
One-Time Password (OTP)Password valid for only one login session or transaction, generated by a token, app, or service.Foundational
One-to-Many Relationship (1:N)A relationship where one row in a parent table can relate to many rows in a child table, but each child relates to one parent.Foundational
One-to-One Relationship (1:1)A relationship where each row in one table matches at most one row in another.Intermediate
One-Way AudioA call fault where only one party can hear the other, usually caused by routing, NAT, firewall or SDP address problems.Intermediate
OneDrive Known Folder Move (KFM)A OneDrive feature that redirects Desktop, Documents, Pictures, and other known folders to OneDrive.Intermediate
OneLakeFabric's single, tenant-wide logical data lake, built on ADLS Gen2, where all Fabric items store data in open Delta Parquet format.Intermediate
OneLake ShortcutA Fabric pointer that makes data elsewhere (OneLake, ADLS Gen2, Amazon S3, Google Cloud Storage, Dataverse) appear in a lakehouse without copying it.Intermediate
Ongoing AuthorizationTime-driven or event-driven authorization approach that replaces fixed-term reauthorization using continuous monitoring data.Advanced
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)Systems optimized for complex, read-heavy queries that aggregate large volumes of historical data for analysis.Foundational
Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)Protocol (RFC 6960) for querying the real-time revocation status of a single certificate.Intermediate
Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)Systems that handle many short, concurrent read and write transactions, such as orders, payments and bookings.Foundational
Online Voice Routing PolicyA Teams Direct Routing policy assigned to users that contains ordered PSTN usages determining which voice routes they can use.Advanced
ONNXOpen Neural Network Exchange: an open format for representing models so they can move between frameworks and runtimes.Intermediate
OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA)A platform-independent, service-oriented industrial interoperability standard (IEC 62541) with built-in security features.Advanced
Open Container Initiative (OCI)A Linux Foundation project defining open standards for container image format, runtime, and distribution.Intermediate
Open Cybersecurity Schema Framework (OCSF)An open, vendor-neutral schema for normalizing security event data across tools.Advanced
Open DesignDesign principle that security should not depend on the secrecy of the design or implementation.Intermediate
Open Policy Agent (OPA)A CNCF graduated general-purpose policy engine that evaluates policies written in Rego against JSON input.Advanced
Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN)An architecture with open, interoperable interfaces between disaggregated RAN components from different vendors.Advanced
Open RedirectA flaw where an application redirects users to a URL supplied in a parameter without validation.Foundational
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)An open-standard link-state IGP that uses areas, LSAs and Dijkstra's SPF algorithm with a cost metric.Foundational
Open Source License ComplianceEnsuring that use of open-source components follows the obligations of their licenses.Intermediate
Open Source Security Foundation (OpenSSF)A Linux Foundation project that improves the security of open-source software through tools, standards and best practices.Intermediate
Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM)A peer-reviewed security testing methodology from ISECOM focused on measurable, repeatable operational security testing.Intermediate
Open System AuthenticationThe default 802.11 authentication method, a null exchange that always succeeds.Foundational
Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI model)A seven-layer ISO reference model that describes how data moves from an application on one host to an application on another.Foundational
Open Table FormatA metadata layer over data files (usually Parquet) that adds ACID transactions, schema evolution, time travel and efficient pruning to data lakes.Advanced
Open Virtualization Format (OVF)A DMTF standard for packaging VMs and virtual appliances; OVA is a single-file tar archive of an OVF package.Intermediate
Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT)Intelligence collected from publicly available sources such as websites, social media, public records and search engines.Foundational
Open-Weight ModelA model whose trained weights are publicly downloadable for self-hosting and customization.Intermediate
OpenAPI Specification (OAS)A vendor-neutral standard (formerly Swagger) for describing REST APIs in YAML or JSON, including paths, parameters, schemas, and authentication.Intermediate
OpenConfigAn operator-led initiative that defines vendor-neutral YANG models and the gNMI/gNOI specifications for network management.Advanced
OpenID Connect (OIDC)Identity layer on top of OAuth 2.0 that authenticates users and returns an ID token.Intermediate
OpenID Connect for CI/CD (OIDC)Using short-lived OIDC tokens issued by a CI platform to authenticate to cloud providers without storing long-lived credentials.Advanced
OpenShift PipelinesOpenShift's cloud-native CI/CD offering based on Tekton, installed through an operator.Advanced
OpenShift ProjectAn OpenShift wrapper around a Kubernetes namespace that adds annotations and controlled self-service creation.Foundational
OpenShift RouteAn OpenShift resource that exposes a Service at an external hostname through the cluster's router (HAProxy-based ingress).Intermediate
OpenSSF ScorecardAn automated tool that rates open-source projects on security practices such as branch protection, code review, signed releases and dependency updates.Advanced
OpenTelemetry (OTel)A CNCF open standard and set of SDKs, APIs, and a collector for generating and exporting metrics, logs, and traces vendor-neutrally.Intermediate
OpenTelemetry CollectorA vendor-agnostic agent or gateway that receives, processes, and exports telemetry data using pipelines of receivers, processors, and exporters.Advanced
OpenTofuAn open-source, Linux Foundation-hosted fork of Terraform created after HashiCorp's license change, compatible with most Terraform configurations.Intermediate
OpenUSDUniversal Scene Description: an open, extensible framework for describing, composing and collaborating on 3D scenes.Advanced
Operating EffectivenessWhether a control operated consistently as designed throughout a specified period.Intermediate
Operational ControlControl category primarily implemented and executed by people rather than systems.Foundational
Operational Data Store (ODS)An integrated, near-real-time store of current operational data from several systems, used for operational reporting.Intermediate
Operational Excellence PillarWell-architected pillar focused on running and monitoring systems and continually improving processes and procedures.Foundational
Operational Expenditure (OpEx)Ongoing spending on services and operations, such as monthly cloud bills, expensed in the period incurred.Foundational
Operational Level Agreement (OLA)Agreement between internal teams supporting delivery of an SLA.Intermediate
Operational Technology (OT)Hardware and software that monitor and control physical devices, processes and infrastructure, such as in manufacturing, utilities and transportation.Foundational
Operational Threat IntelligenceIntelligence about specific impending attacks or campaigns, including actor intent, timing and capability.Intermediate
Operations ManagementOversight of ongoing, repetitive business activities that produce and sustain products or services.Foundational
OperatorA Kubernetes extension that uses custom resources and a controller to automate the lifecycle of complex applications.Advanced
Operator ConnectA Teams Phone PSTN option in which a participating carrier provides and manages SBC connectivity directly to Microsoft.Intermediate
Operator Lifecycle Manager (OLM)A component that installs, updates, and manages the lifecycle of Kubernetes operators, central to OpenShift.Advanced
Opportunistic Key Caching (OKC)A non-standard but widely supported fast roaming method where controllers share a client's PMK among APs.Intermediate
Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE)Standard (RFC 8110) providing encryption without authentication on open networks; certified as Wi-Fi Enhanced Open.Intermediate
OpportunityStandard object tracking a potential sale through stages to close.Foundational
Opportunity CostThe value of the next-best alternative forgone when a choice is made.Intermediate
Opportunity ProductLine item record (OpportunityLineItem) linking a product and price to an opportunity with quantity and sales price.Intermediate
Opportunity Solution TreeVisual tool by Teresa Torres linking a desired outcome to customer opportunities, solutions, and experiments.Advanced
Opportunity TeamSet of users collaborating on an opportunity with defined roles and access, which can be used for opportunity splits.Intermediate
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)Technology that extracts machine-readable text from images or scanned documents.Foundational
Optical DriveA drive that reads and writes CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs using a laser.Foundational
Optical Network Terminal (ONT)The customer-premises device that terminates a fiber-to-the-premises connection and converts optical signals to Ethernet.Intermediate
Optical Power Meter (OPM)A tool that measures optical power in a fiber, used with a light source to measure end-to-end loss.Intermediate
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)An instrument that injects light pulses into a fiber and analyzes backscatter and reflections to locate breaks, splices, bends and connector losses.Intermediate
Optimistic Concurrency ControlA strategy that lets transactions proceed without locks and checks for conflicts at write time using version numbers or timestamps.Advanced
OPTIMIZE CommandA Delta Lake command that compacts small files into larger ones and optionally applies Z-ordering or liquid clustering.Advanced
Optimize Drives (dfrgui)The Windows tool that defragments HDDs and sends TRIM to SSDs on a schedule.Foundational
Optimized RoamingCisco feature that disassociates clients whose RSSI or data rate falls below thresholds to force roaming.Advanced
OptimizerThe algorithm that updates model weights using computed gradients, such as SGD, Adam or AdamW.Intermediate
OptionalityWhether participation in a relationship is mandatory (minimum one) or optional (minimum zero).Intermediate
OpusAn open, royalty-free IETF audio codec (RFC 6716) that adapts from 6 to 510 kbps and from narrowband to fullband.Intermediate
Oracle Autonomous DatabaseOracle's self-driving, self-securing, self-repairing cloud database that automates tuning, patching, scaling and backups.Foundational
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI)Oracle's public cloud platform offering compute, storage, networking, database and Oracle-optimized services.Foundational
Orchestrator-Worker PatternAn agent pattern where a lead model breaks a task into subtasks, delegates them to workers and synthesizes results.Advanced
ORDER BY ClauseThe clause that sorts the final result set by one or more expressions, ascending (default) or descending.Foundational
Order GuideCatalog construct that orders multiple related catalog items in one request based on initial answers.Intermediate
Order of ExecutionDefined sequence Salesforce follows when a record is saved, including flows, triggers, validation, assignment and commit.Advanced
Order of VolatilityThe sequence for collecting evidence from most to least volatile so short-lived data is not lost.Foundational
Order-to-Cash (O2C)End-to-end business process from receiving a customer order through fulfillment, invoicing and payment collection.Foundational
Ordinal DataCategorical data with a meaningful order but unequal or unknown spacing between categories.Foundational
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)A display technology where each pixel emits its own light, giving perfect blacks and high contrast.Foundational
Organization MapBusiness architecture artifact showing organizational units, partners and their relationships.Intermediate
Organization Policy ServiceGoogle Cloud service that applies constraints across the resource hierarchy to restrict how resources can be configured.Intermediate
Organization Validation Certificate (OV)Certificate issued after the CA verifies domain control and the legal existence of the requesting organization.Intermediate
Organization-Defined Parameter (ODP)Variable portion of a control that the organization sets, such as a frequency or time period.Advanced
Organization-Wide Defaults (OWD)Baseline record-level access setting per object: Private, Public Read Only, Public Read/Write, or Controlled by Parent.Foundational
Organizational Process Assets (OPA)Plans, processes, policies, procedures, and knowledge bases specific to and used by the performing organization.Foundational
Organizational StructureHow an organization arranges authority, reporting, and resources, affecting project manager authority.Foundational
Organizational Unit (OU)Container for AWS accounts within AWS Organizations used to group accounts and apply policies hierarchically.Intermediate
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)The first 24 bits of a MAC address, assigned by the IEEE to identify the device manufacturer.Foundational
Organized Crime GroupA structured criminal enterprise that conducts cyberattacks primarily for financial gain.Foundational
Origin AttributeA well-known mandatory BGP attribute indicating how a route entered BGP: IGP (i), EGP (e) or incomplete (?).Intermediate
Originator IDAn optional non-transitive BGP attribute set by a route reflector to the router ID of the route's original iBGP source.Advanced
Orphan RecordA child row whose foreign key points to a parent row that does not exist.Foundational
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)Multi-user OFDM that divides a channel into resource units so several stations transmit simultaneously.Intermediate
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)Multicarrier modulation splitting a channel into many orthogonal subcarriers transmitted in parallel.Foundational
OS Command Injection PreventionDefenses that prevent user input from being executed as operating system commands.Intermediate
Osmotic CommunicationInformation flowing into the background hearing of team members so they absorb relevant information passively.Intermediate
OSPF AreaA logical grouping of OSPF routers and links that share an LSDB, limiting flooding and SPF scope.Foundational
OSPF Area 0The OSPF backbone area to which all other areas must connect and through which all inter-area traffic passes.Foundational
OSPF Area RangeInter-area summarization configured on an ABR to advertise one Type 3 LSA for a block of intra-area routes.Intermediate
OSPF AuthenticationMethods for authenticating OSPF packets: null, plaintext, MD5 and HMAC-SHA with key chains.Intermediate
OSPF CostThe OSPF interface metric, calculated as reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth, summed along a path.Foundational
OSPF Down BitA flag a PE sets in Type 3/5/7 LSAs sent to a CE so other PEs will not redistribute them back into MP-BGP.Advanced
OSPF External Route TypeOSPF E1 and E2 routes: E2 (default) keeps only the redistributed metric, while E1 adds internal cost to reach the ASBR.Intermediate
OSPF Forwarding AddressA field in Type 5 and Type 7 LSAs that tells routers which next-hop address to use for an external route.Advanced
OSPF Hello and Dead IntervalsOSPF timers: how often hellos are sent and how long to wait without hellos before declaring a neighbor down.Foundational
OSPF LSA FilteringTechniques that block specific LSAs from entering an area, such as filter-list on an ABR or database-filter on an interface.Advanced
OSPF MTU MismatchA condition where OSPF neighbors have different interface MTUs, leaving the adjacency stuck in ExStart or Exchange.Intermediate
OSPF Neighbor StatesThe progression an OSPF adjacency follows: Down, Attempt, Init, 2-Way, ExStart, Exchange, Loading, Full.Intermediate
OSPF Network StatementAn OSPF configuration command that uses an address and wildcard mask to select interfaces and assign them to an area.Foundational
OSPF Network TypesOSPF interface modes - broadcast, non-broadcast, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and loopback - controlling DR election, timers and neighbor discovery.Intermediate
OSPF Packet TypesThe five OSPF packet types: Hello, Database Description (DBD), Link-State Request (LSR), Link-State Update (LSU) and Link-State Acknowledgment.Intermediate
OSPF Path Selection OrderOSPF prefers intra-area over inter-area over E1/N1 over E2/N2 routes for the same prefix, before comparing cost.Intermediate
OSPF PriorityAn interface value from 0 to 255 (default 1) used in DR/BDR election; 0 makes the router ineligible.Foundational
OSPF Sham LinkA logical intra-area link between PEs across the MPLS backbone so VPN routes are preferred over an OSPF backdoor link.Advanced
OSPF Stub AreaAn OSPF area that blocks Type 4 and Type 5 external LSAs and receives a default route from the ABR instead.Intermediate
OSPF Stub Router AdvertisementOSPF max-metric router-lsa: advertising maximum link cost so other routers avoid transiting this router.Advanced
OSPF Summary AddressAn ASBR command that summarizes external (Type 5 or Type 7) routes redistributed into OSPF.Intermediate
OSPF Totally Stubby AreaA Cisco OSPF area type that blocks Type 3, 4 and 5 LSAs, leaving only a default route from the ABR.Intermediate
OSPF Type 1 Router LSAThe LSA every OSPF router originates in each area, describing its links, costs and neighbors; flooded within the area only.Intermediate
OSPF Type 2 Network LSAThe LSA originated by the DR on a multi-access segment, listing all routers attached to that transit network.Intermediate
OSPF Type 3 Summary LSAThe LSA an ABR originates to advertise prefixes from one area into another.Intermediate
OSPF Type 4 ASBR Summary LSAAn LSA originated by an ABR to tell routers in another area how to reach an ASBR.Advanced
OSPF Type 5 External LSAAn LSA originated by an ASBR to advertise routes redistributed from outside OSPF, flooded throughout all normal areas.Intermediate
OSPF Type 7 NSSA LSAAn external LSA originated by an ASBR inside an NSSA, converted to Type 5 by the NSSA ABR.Advanced
OSPF Virtual LinkA logical link through a transit area that connects a remote area or partitioned backbone to area 0.Advanced
OSPFv3The version of OSPF for IPv6 (and, with address families, IPv4) defined in RFC 5340.Intermediate
OSS-FuzzGoogle's free continuous fuzzing service for critical open-source projects.Advanced
Out-of-Band Application Security Testing (OAST)Testing that detects blind vulnerabilities by observing callbacks, such as DNS or HTTP requests, from the target to a tester-controlled server.Advanced
Out-of-Band CommunicationCommunication through channels separate from potentially compromised production systems during an incident.Intermediate
Out-of-Band Key ExchangeDelivering keys through a separate channel from the one the keys will protect.Intermediate
Out-of-Band Management (OOB)Managing network devices through a dedicated path separate from production data traffic.Intermediate
Out-of-Bounds ReadReading memory outside the bounds of an allocated buffer, which can leak sensitive data or crash a program.Advanced
Out-of-Cycle LoggingLog entries generated at unusual times or outside expected patterns, indicating possible malicious activity.Foundational
Outbound Change SetContainer of metadata components sent from one org to a related org (such as sandbox to production) through Setup.Foundational
Outbound Dial Peer MatchingThe IOS process that selects the dial peer for the outgoing leg, using longest destination-pattern match, then preference, then random choice.Advanced
Outbound MessageSOAP message sent automatically to an external endpoint when a workflow or flow condition is met, with retries for up to 24 hours.Intermediate
OutlierAn observation that lies unusually far from the other values in a dataset.Foundational
Output and OutcomeITIL terms distinguishing a tangible deliverable (output) from the result a stakeholder achieves (outcome).Foundational
Output ControlsApplication controls ensuring output is complete, accurate, and distributed only to authorized recipients.Intermediate
Output EncodingConverting untrusted data into a safe representation for the specific context where it is output, such as HTML, JavaScript, URL or SQL.Foundational
Outside Global AddressIn Cisco NAT terminology, the real, publicly routable address of a host on the outside network.Intermediate
Overall Project RiskThe effect of uncertainty on the project as a whole, arising from all sources including individual risks.Advanced
OverclockingRunning a CPU, GPU, or memory faster than its rated specification to gain performance.Intermediate
OverfittingWhen a model learns training data too closely, including noise, and performs poorly on new data.Foundational
Overlap SendingSending dialed digits one at a time or in groups to the next system instead of all at once in the initial setup message.Advanced
Overlapping BSS Packet Detect (OBSS_PD)An adjustable CCA threshold for inter-BSS frames used in 802.11ax spatial reuse.Advanced
OverlayFully specified set of tailored controls and parameters for a community or technology, applied on top of a baseline.Advanced
Overlay Management Protocol (OMP)The TCP-based Cisco SD-WAN control protocol, running inside DTLS/TLS tunnels, that distributes routes, TLOCs, keys and policy.Advanced
Overload BitAn IS-IS LSP flag telling other routers not to use this router for transit traffic.Advanced
OWASP AmassAn OWASP project tool for in-depth attack surface mapping and subdomain discovery.Intermediate
OWASP API Security Top 10OWASP's list of the ten most critical security risks specific to APIs, last updated in 2023.Foundational
OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS)An OWASP standard listing testable security requirements for web applications and services at three verification levels.Intermediate
OWASP Cheat Sheet SeriesA collection of concise OWASP guides giving developers specific defensive guidance on individual security topics.Foundational
OWASP DevSecOps Maturity Model (DSOMM)An OWASP model that defines security activities for DevOps pipelines and rates their implementation across maturity levels.Advanced
OWASP IoT Top 10OWASP's 2018 list of the top security issues for Internet of Things devices and ecosystems.Foundational
OWASP Mobile Application Security Testing Guide (MASTG)OWASP's comprehensive manual of techniques and test cases for verifying mobile apps against MASVS.Intermediate
OWASP Mobile Application Security Verification Standard (MASVS)OWASP's standard of security requirements for mobile apps, organized into control groups and verified with the MASTG.Intermediate
OWASP Mobile Top 10OWASP's list of the ten most critical security risks for mobile applications, last updated in 2024.Foundational
OWASP Secure Coding PracticesOWASP's technology-agnostic checklist of secure coding practices, originally the Secure Coding Practices Quick Reference Guide.Foundational
OWASP Threat DragonAn open-source OWASP threat modeling tool for creating diagrams and recording threats using STRIDE, LINDDUN, CIA and other methods.Intermediate
OWASP Top 10OWASP's awareness document ranking the ten most critical web application security risk categories, updated every few years.Foundational
OWASP Top 10 CI/CD Security RisksAn OWASP list of the ten most significant security risks in CI/CD environments.Advanced
OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsOWASP's list of the most critical security risks for applications built on large language models.Intermediate
OWASP Top 10 Proactive ControlsOWASP's list of the most important security techniques developers should apply in every project.Intermediate
OWASP Web Security Testing Guide (WSTG)OWASP's comprehensive guide for testing the security of web applications and services, organized by test category with unique test IDs.Intermediate

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