IT Support & Hardware terms

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• 24-Pin ATX Power ConnectorThe main power connector from the PSU to the motherboard, supplying 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V.Foundational
• 32-bit vs 64-bitThe register and addressing width of a CPU or OS, which determines addressable memory and software compatibility.Foundational
• 3D PrinterA device that builds physical objects layer by layer from plastic filament or liquid resin.Foundational
• 80 PLUS CertificationAn efficiency rating program for power supplies, with tiers from Standard to Titanium.Foundational
• Activation LockAn Apple security feature that ties a device to an Apple Account so it cannot be reused after a wipe without credentials.Intermediate
• Active ListeningA communication skill of fully focusing on, understanding, and confirming what the user says.Foundational
• Activity MonitorThe macOS app that shows CPU, memory, energy, disk, and network usage by process.Foundational
• Administrative ShareA hidden default Windows share, such as C$ or ADMIN$, used for remote administration.Intermediate
• Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)The storage controller mode that enables SATA features like native command queuing and hot-plugging.Intermediate
• Advanced Technology Extended (ATX)The most common desktop motherboard and power supply form factor, measuring 12 x 9.6 inches.Foundational
• Airplane ModeA device setting that disables cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth radios.Foundational
• AirPrintApple's driverless printing technology for macOS and iOS devices on the local network.Intermediate
• AndroidGoogle's Linux-based open-source mobile operating system used by many device manufacturers.Foundational
• Android EnterpriseGoogle's framework for managing Android devices in work profile, fully managed, and dedicated modes.Intermediate
• ANSI/TIA-568 Cabling StandardThe North American standard for commercial building telecommunications cabling.Intermediate
• Antistatic BagA shielding bag used to store and transport static-sensitive components.Foundational
• Antistatic Wrist StrapA strap worn on the wrist and clipped to ground to keep a technician at the same potential as equipment.Foundational
• Apple Business Manager (ABM)Apple's web portal for organizations to buy apps, manage Apple IDs, and assign devices to MDM for Automated Device Enrollment.Intermediate
• Apple File System (APFS)Apple's modern file system for macOS, iOS, and iPadOS, optimized for SSDs and encryption.Foundational
• Apple SiliconApple's family of ARM-based SoCs (M-series for Macs, A-series for iPhone) with unified memory.Intermediate
• Application Compatibility ModeA Windows setting that runs older programs using behaviors of earlier Windows versions.Foundational
• ARM ArchitectureA reduced instruction set (RISC) processor architecture used in phones, tablets, Apple Silicon Macs, and Windows on Arm PCs.Foundational
• Aspect RatioThe proportional relationship between a display's width and height, such as 16:9.Foundational
• Asset TagA label with a unique identifier attached to IT equipment for inventory tracking.Foundational
• Automatic Document Feeder (ADF)A scanner or copier mechanism that feeds multiple pages automatically.Foundational
• BacklightThe light source behind an LCD panel that makes the image visible.Foundational
• Backout PlanDocumented steps to reverse a change and restore the previous state if it fails.Foundational
• Barcode ScannerAn input device that reads 1D barcodes or 2D codes such as QR codes and translates them into text.Foundational
• Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)Legacy PC firmware that tests hardware at power-on and loads the boot loader.Foundational
• Batch FileA Windows script file (.bat or .cmd) containing Command Prompt commands run in sequence.Foundational
• Battery DisposalProper handling and recycling of batteries to prevent fires and environmental harm.Foundational
• Bluetooth PairingThe process of establishing a trusted connection between two Bluetooth devices.Foundational
• Boost ClockThe maximum frequency a CPU or GPU automatically reaches under load when power and thermal limits allow.Intermediate
• Boot CampApple's utility for dual-booting Windows on Intel-based Macs.Intermediate
• Boot Configuration Data (BCD)The Windows database that stores boot loader settings and OS entries.Intermediate
• bootrecA WinRE command used to repair the master boot record, boot sector, and Boot Configuration Data.Intermediate
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)A policy allowing employees to use personal devices to access corporate resources.Foundational
• BrownoutA sustained reduction in line voltage below normal levels.Foundational
• Burn-InPermanent ghost images on a display caused by static content shown for long periods.Foundational
• Capture CardAn expansion card or external device that records or streams video from an external source.Foundational
• CAS Latency (CL)The number of clock cycles between a memory read command and the data becoming available.Advanced
• Case FanA fan mounted in a computer chassis to move air through the system and remove heat.Foundational
• cat CommandA Linux/macOS command that displays or concatenates file contents.Foundational
• cd CommandA command that changes the current working directory in Linux, macOS, and Windows shells.Foundational
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)The main processor that fetches, decodes, and executes program instructions in a computer.Foundational
• Certificate Manager (certmgr.msc)A Windows console for viewing and managing the current user's certificates.Intermediate
• Certificate of DestructionA document from a disposal vendor confirming that media or devices were destroyed or sanitized.Foundational
• Change EnablementThe ITIL 4 practice (formerly change management) of maximizing successful IT changes by assessing risk, authorizing, and scheduling them.Foundational
• ChipsetMotherboard logic that manages communication between the CPU and peripherals such as storage, USB, and expansion slots.Intermediate
• chkdskA Windows command that checks a volume's file system and can repair errors and locate bad sectors.Foundational
• ChromeOSGoogle's lightweight, cloud-focused operating system for Chromebooks.Foundational
• Clean BootStarting Windows with only Microsoft services and no third-party startup items to isolate software conflicts.Intermediate
• Clean InstallInstalling an operating system on a freshly formatted drive without preserving existing apps or settings.Foundational
• Clear CMOSResetting stored firmware settings to factory defaults, usually by jumper, button, or removing the battery.Intermediate
• Clock SpeedThe rate at which a CPU core executes cycles, measured in gigahertz (GHz).Foundational
• CMOS BatteryA coin-cell battery (usually CR2032) on the motherboard that powers the real-time clock and firmware settings.Foundational
• Command Prompt (cmd)The traditional Windows command-line interpreter.Foundational
• Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)Battery-backed memory that stores BIOS/UEFI settings and keeps the real-time clock running.Foundational
• Compliance PolicyAn MDM rule set that evaluates whether a device meets security requirements such as encryption, OS version, and passcode.Intermediate
• Compressed AirCanned or electric blower air used to remove dust from computers and peripherals.Foundational
• CompTIA Troubleshooting MethodologyCompTIA's six-step process: identify the problem, theorize, test, plan and implement, verify, and document.Foundational
• Computer ManagementA Windows console (compmgmt.msc) that groups Event Viewer, Device Manager, Disk Management, Services, and more.Foundational
• Configuration ProfileA set of settings pushed by an MDM to configure features like Wi-Fi, VPN, email, restrictions, and certificates.Intermediate
• Continual Improvement ModelITIL 4's seven-step model for structured improvement at all levels.Foundational
• Control PanelThe legacy Windows settings interface with applets for system configuration.Foundational
• copy CommandA Windows command that copies one or more files to another location.Foundational
• Corporate-Owned, Personally Enabled (COPE)A deployment model where the organization owns the device but allows reasonable personal use.Foundational
• cp CommandA Linux/macOS command that copies files and directories.Foundational
• CPU CacheSmall, very fast memory on the CPU that holds frequently used data and instructions to reduce RAM access.Intermediate
• CPU CoreAn independent processing unit within a CPU that can execute its own instruction stream.Foundational
• CPU SocketThe motherboard connector that holds a CPU and links it to power, memory, and the chipset.Foundational
• Customer Satisfaction Score (CSAT)A metric measuring user satisfaction with a support interaction, usually from post-ticket surveys.Foundational
• DDR3 SDRAMThird-generation DDR memory using 240-pin DIMMs at 1.5 V (1.35 V for DDR3L).Foundational
• DDR4 SDRAMFourth-generation DDR memory using 288-pin DIMMs at 1.2 V with JEDEC speeds up to 3200 MT/s.Foundational
• DDR5 SDRAMFifth-generation DDR memory with on-module power management, two subchannels per DIMM, and speeds from 4800 MT/s.Foundational
• Dead PixelA display pixel that stays black, or a stuck pixel that stays one color, due to a panel defect.Foundational
• Debug LEDMotherboard indicator lights or a two-digit display that show which POST stage failed.Intermediate
• Dedicated Graphics Card (dGPU)A separate expansion card or chip with its own GPU and video memory (VRAM) for graphics and compute.Foundational
• DefragmentationReorganizing file fragments on a hard drive so they are stored contiguously to improve read speed.Foundational
• Deployment Image Servicing and Management (DISM)A Windows command-line tool for servicing Windows images and repairing the component store.Intermediate
• Deployment RingA group of devices that receives updates or changes in stages, from pilot to broad deployment.Intermediate
• Developer ModeA mobile or OS setting that unlocks advanced options such as USB debugging.Intermediate
• Device ManagerA Windows console (devmgmt.msc) for viewing hardware and managing device drivers.Foundational
• Digital Visual Interface (DVI)A legacy video interface that can carry digital (DVI-D), analog (DVI-A), or both (DVI-I) signals.Foundational
• DigitizerThe touch-sensing layer of a screen or tablet that converts touch or pen input into coordinates.Foundational
• dir CommandA Windows command that lists files and folders in a directory.Foundational
• DirectX Diagnostic Tool (dxdiag)A Windows tool that reports display, sound, and input device information and DirectX status.Foundational
• Disk Cleanup (cleanmgr)A Windows utility that frees space by removing temporary files, update leftovers, and other unneeded data.Foundational
• Disk ManagementA Windows console (diskmgmt.msc) for initializing disks and creating, formatting, and resizing partitions.Foundational
• Disk UtilityThe macOS tool for managing disks, volumes, formatting, and running First Aid repairs.Foundational
• diskpartA Windows command-line utility for managing disks, partitions, and volumes.Intermediate
• Display ResolutionThe number of pixels a display shows horizontally and vertically, such as 1920 x 1080.Foundational
• DisplayPort (DP)A digital display interface common on PCs and monitors that supports high refresh rates and daisy-chaining.Foundational
• DisplayPort Alternate Mode (DP Alt Mode)A USB-C feature that carries native DisplayPort video over the USB-C connector.Intermediate
• Docking StationA device that connects a laptop to monitors, network, power, and peripherals through one connection.Foundational
• Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM)Synchronous DRAM that transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal.Foundational
• Drive EnduranceThe rated amount of data an SSD can write over its life, given as TBW or DWPD.Intermediate
• Drive Form FactorThe physical size standard for storage devices, such as 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch, M.2, and U.2.Foundational
• Driver RollbackRestoring the previously installed version of a device driver.Foundational
• Dual BootInstalling two operating systems on one computer and choosing which to start at boot.Intermediate
• Dual In-Line Memory Module (DIMM)The standard desktop memory module with separate contacts on each side of the board.Foundational
• Dual-Channel MemoryA memory configuration that uses two channels simultaneously to increase bandwidth.Foundational
• Duplexing AssemblyThe printer component that flips paper to enable automatic double-sided printing.Foundational
• Dynamic RAM (DRAM)Memory that stores each bit in a capacitor and must be refreshed constantly; used for system RAM.Intermediate
• E-WasteDiscarded electronic equipment that requires proper recycling and data sanitization.Foundational
• EFI System Partition (ESP)A small FAT32 partition on GPT disks that stores UEFI boot loaders.Advanced
• Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)The sudden flow of static electricity between objects that can damage electronic components.Foundational
• Embedded SIM (eSIM)A programmable SIM built into a device that can download carrier profiles without a physical card.Foundational
• End-of-Life (EOL)The point at which a vendor stops selling, supporting, or patching a product.Foundational
• EPS 12V ConnectorA 4-pin or 8-pin power connector that provides dedicated 12 V power to the CPU voltage regulators.Foundational
• Establish a Theory of Probable CauseStep two of the troubleshooting methodology: form a hypothesis about the cause, questioning the obvious.Foundational
• Exchange ActiveSync (EAS)A Microsoft protocol for synchronizing email, contacts, and calendars to mobile devices.Intermediate
• exFATA Microsoft file system for flash media that supports large files and works on Windows and macOS.Foundational
• Expansion CardA circuit board installed in a motherboard slot to add capabilities such as graphics, networking, or storage.Foundational
• Extended Security Updates (ESU)A paid Microsoft program that provides critical security patches for products past end of support.Intermediate
• External SATA (eSATA)A SATA variant with a shielded connector for attaching external drives.Foundational
• Extreme Memory Profile (XMP)Intel's firmware profile stored on RAM modules that sets rated overclocked speed, timings, and voltage.Intermediate
• Fast StartupA Windows feature that hibernates the kernel session at shutdown to speed the next boot.Intermediate
• Fiber CleaverA precision tool that scores and breaks an optical fiber to produce a flat, perpendicular end face.Intermediate
• Fiber End-Face InspectionExamining a fiber connector end face with a microscope to detect dirt, scratches, or damage.Intermediate
• Fiber Optic SafetyPractices to prevent injury from fiber shards and invisible laser light during installation.Foundational
• File Allocation Table 32 (FAT32)A legacy file system with broad compatibility but a 4 GB maximum file size.Foundational
• File HistoryA Windows backup feature that periodically saves copies of user files to an external or network drive.Foundational
• FinderThe macOS file manager used to browse, organize, and search files and connect to servers.Foundational
• FirmwareLow-level software stored in non-volatile memory that controls hardware and initializes devices.Foundational
• First Contact Resolution (FCR)The percentage of issues resolved during the user's first interaction with the service desk.Foundational
• Flash DriveA portable USB storage device that uses NAND flash memory.Foundational
• Flatbed ScannerA scanner with a glass surface where a document is placed face down and scanned by a moving sensor.Foundational
• Folder RedirectionA Group Policy feature that stores user folders such as Documents on a network share.Intermediate
• Force QuitEnding an unresponsive app on macOS with Cmd+Option+Esc or from the Apple menu.Foundational
• format CommandA Windows command that creates a new file system on a volume, erasing its contents.Foundational
• Four Dimensions of Service ManagementITIL 4's four perspectives for holistic service management.Foundational
• Front Panel ConnectorsSmall motherboard header pins that connect the case power button, reset button, LEDs, USB, and audio jacks.Foundational
• Function Key (Fn)A laptop modifier key that enables secondary functions such as brightness, volume, and wireless toggles.Foundational
• Functional EscalationTransferring a ticket to a team with greater technical expertise or the right specialty.Foundational
• Fuser AssemblyThe heated rollers in a laser printer that melt and press toner onto paper.Foundational
• Fusion SplicingPermanently joining two optical fibers by aligning and melting them with an electric arc.Intermediate
• GatekeeperA macOS security feature that only allows apps from the App Store or identified, notarized developers by default.Intermediate
• Ghost ImageA faint duplicate of a previous image appearing elsewhere on a laser-printed page.Intermediate
• gpupdateA Windows command that refreshes Group Policy settings on a computer.Foundational
• Graphics Power ConnectorPSU connectors (6-pin, 8-pin, or 16-pin 12V-2x6) that supply supplemental power to graphics cards.Intermediate
• GRUBThe GRand Unified Bootloader, the standard Linux boot loader that loads the kernel and can chain-load other OSes.Intermediate
• Hard Disk Drive (HDD)A storage device that records data magnetically on spinning platters read by moving heads.Foundational
• Heat SinkA passive metal component with fins that draws heat away from a chip and dissipates it into the air.Foundational
• Help DeskThe front-line IT support function that receives, logs, and resolves user technical issues.Foundational
• HibernationA power state that saves memory contents to disk and powers off completely.Foundational
• Hierarchical EscalationRaising an issue to higher management because of impact, SLA risk, or need for authority or resources.Intermediate
• High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP)Copy protection that encrypts digital video between a source and display over HDMI, DisplayPort, or DVI.Intermediate
• High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI)A digital audio/video interface standard for TVs, monitors, projectors, and computers.Foundational
• Home FolderA personal network folder assigned to a user account for storing files.Intermediate
• HomebrewA popular open-source package manager for macOS (and Linux) that installs command-line tools and apps.Intermediate
• hostname CommandA command that displays the computer's host name on Windows, macOS, and Linux.Foundational
• HotpatchA Windows update method that applies security fixes in memory without requiring a restart.Advanced
• Human Interface Device (HID)A USB device class for input peripherals such as keyboards, mice, and game controllers.Intermediate
• Hybrid CPU ArchitectureA processor design that combines high-performance cores with power-efficient cores on the same chip.Intermediate
• Hyper-Threading (HT)Intel's implementation of simultaneous multithreading that presents one physical core as two logical processors.Intermediate
• Image DeploymentInstalling a preconfigured OS image on multiple computers.Intermediate
• Imaging DrumThe photosensitive cylinder in a laser printer that holds the electrostatic image and attracts toner.Intermediate
• Impact PrinterA printer that strikes an inked ribbon against paper, such as a dot matrix printer.Foundational
• In-Place UpgradeUpgrading or repairing an operating system while keeping user files, settings, and applications.Foundational
• In-Plane Switching (IPS)An LCD panel technology offering wide viewing angles and accurate color reproduction.Foundational
• Ink CartridgeA replaceable container of liquid ink for inkjet printers, sometimes including the printhead.Foundational
• Inkjet PrinterA printer that sprays tiny droplets of liquid ink from a printhead onto paper.Foundational
• Input Voltage SelectionConfiguring or relying on a PSU to accept regional AC voltages such as 115 V or 230 V.Foundational
• Integrated Graphics (iGPU)A graphics processor built into the CPU or SoC that uses shared system memory.Foundational
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)A unique 15-digit number that identifies a mobile device's hardware.Intermediate
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)A unique number stored on the SIM that identifies the subscriber on a cellular network.Intermediate
• Internet Options (inetcpl.cpl)A Control Panel applet for system-wide web settings such as proxy, security zones, and certificates.Intermediate
• Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)A standard protocol for submitting and managing print jobs over a network, using TCP port 631.Intermediate
• InverterA board that converts DC to high-voltage AC to power CCFL backlights in older LCDs.Foundational
• iOSApple's mobile operating system for iPhone, with iPadOS as a tablet-focused variant.Foundational
• IT Asset Management (ITAM)The practice of tracking IT assets across their lifecycle to maximize value, control costs, and manage risk.Intermediate
• ITIL 4The current version of the IT Infrastructure Library framework for IT and digital service management, owned by PeopleCert.Foundational
• ITIL Guiding PrinciplesSeven ITIL 4 recommendations that guide decisions in any situation.Foundational
• JailbreakingRemoving iOS restrictions to gain root access and install unauthorized software.Foundational
• Jamf ProA widely used Apple-focused device management platform for macOS, iOS, iPadOS, and tvOS.Intermediate
• Keyboard Video Mouse Switch (KVM)A device that lets one keyboard, monitor, and mouse control multiple computers.Foundational
• Keychain AccessThe macOS app for managing stored passwords, certificates, and secure notes.Foundational
• kill CommandA Linux/macOS command that sends a signal to a process, typically to terminate it.Foundational
• Knowledge-Centered Service (KCS)A methodology that captures and improves knowledge as a by-product of resolving issues.Intermediate
• Known-Good ComponentA part confirmed to work that is swapped in to isolate whether the original component is faulty.Foundational
• Land Grid Array (LGA)A CPU socket design where the contact pins are in the motherboard socket and the CPU has flat pads.Foundational
• Laptop DisassemblyOpening a laptop to replace components using documented, careful procedures.Foundational
• Laptop Display Output SwitchingChanging how a laptop sends video to internal and external displays: duplicate, extend, or second screen only.Foundational
• Laptop Keyboard ReplacementRemoving and replacing a laptop's integrated keyboard, often via ribbon cable or top-case assembly.Intermediate
• Laser Imaging ProcessThe seven-step sequence a laser printer follows: processing, charging, exposing, developing, transferring, fusing, and cleaning.Intermediate
• Laser PrinterA printer that uses a laser, photosensitive drum, toner, and heated fuser to produce prints.Foundational
• Lightning ConnectorApple's proprietary 8-pin reversible connector used on older iPhones, iPads, and accessories.Foundational
• Line ConditionerA device that smooths voltage fluctuations, filters noise, and regulates sags and swells in AC power.Intermediate
• Link Loss BudgetThe calculated maximum allowable optical loss for a fiber link based on fiber, connectors, and splices.Advanced
• Linux DistributionA complete operating system built on the Linux kernel with packaging, tools, and desktop environments.Foundational
• Liquid CoolingA cooling method that pumps coolant through a block on the CPU or GPU to a radiator with fans.Intermediate
• Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)A flat-panel display that uses liquid crystals and a backlight to produce images.Foundational
• Lithium-Ion Battery (Li-ion)The rechargeable battery chemistry used in laptops, phones, and tablets.Foundational
• Local AccountA user account stored only on one computer's Security Accounts Manager (SAM) database.Foundational
• Local Security Policy (secpol.msc)A Windows console for configuring security settings such as password, lockout, and audit policies on a single computer.Intermediate
• Local Users and Groups (lusrmgr.msc)A Windows console for managing local user accounts and group memberships.Foundational
• Locator ApplicationA service that shows a lost device's location and can lock, ring, or wipe it.Foundational
• Long-Term Servicing Channel (LTSC)A Windows Enterprise release that receives security updates for years without feature updates.Advanced
• Low-Power DDR (LPDDR)A low-voltage variant of DDR memory used in phones, tablets, and thin laptops, usually soldered.Intermediate
• ls CommandA Linux/macOS command that lists directory contents.Foundational
• M.2A small form factor connector and card standard used mainly for SSDs, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth modules.Foundational
• Mac OS Extended (HFS+)Apple's legacy file system used before APFS, still used for some external and Time Machine drives.Foundational
• macOSApple's desktop operating system for Mac computers, built on a Unix-based (Darwin) foundation.Foundational
• macOS App InstallationInstalling Mac software via the App Store, .dmg disk images, or .pkg installer packages.Foundational
• macOS RecoveryA built-in recovery environment for reinstalling macOS, restoring backups, and repairing disks.Foundational
• Maintenance KitA manufacturer bundle of wear parts, such as fuser and rollers, replaced at a set page count.Foundational
• Major IncidentA high-impact incident requiring a separate, expedited procedure with dedicated coordination.Intermediate
• Malware Removal ProcessCompTIA's seven-step procedure for removing malware from a system.Intermediate
• Mapped Network DriveA drive letter assigned to a shared network folder for easy access.Foundational
• Mechanical SpliceJoining two fibers by aligning them in a fixture with index-matching gel, without fusing.Intermediate
• Media SanitizationRemoving data from storage so it cannot be recovered, using clear, purge, or destroy methods.Intermediate
• Memory SpeedThe data transfer rate of RAM, expressed in mega-transfers per second (MT/s) or as a PC module rating.Intermediate
• Micro-USBA small USB connector used on older Android phones, accessories, and peripherals.Foundational
• microATX (mATX)A smaller motherboard form factor (9.6 x 9.6 inches) with up to four expansion slots.Foundational
• Microsoft Account (MSA)A personal Microsoft identity used to sign in to Windows, Outlook.com, OneDrive, and Xbox.Foundational
• Microsoft Defender AntivirusThe built-in antimalware engine in Windows that provides real-time and cloud-delivered protection.Foundational
• Microsoft Entra JoinJoining a Windows device directly to Microsoft Entra ID (formerly Azure AD) instead of on-premises AD.Intermediate
• Microsoft IntuneMicrosoft's cloud-based endpoint management service for Windows, macOS, iOS/iPadOS, Android, and Linux.Intermediate
• Microsoft Management Console (MMC)The Windows framework that hosts administrative snap-ins in customizable consoles.Intermediate
• Microsoft Universal PrintA Microsoft 365 cloud print service that removes the need for on-premises print servers.Intermediate
• Mini-ITXA compact motherboard form factor measuring 6.7 x 6.7 inches with a single expansion slot.Foundational
• Mini-LEDAn LCD backlight technology using thousands of tiny LEDs grouped in local dimming zones.Intermediate
• Minimum Bend RadiusThe smallest radius a cable can be bent without damaging it or degrading performance.Intermediate
• Mobile App TroubleshootingSteps to resolve app crashes, freezes, or misbehavior on mobile devices.Foundational
• Mobile Application Management (MAM)Managing and protecting corporate apps and data on a device without managing the whole device.Intermediate
• Mobile DeviceA portable computing device such as a smartphone, tablet, or wearable.Foundational
• Mobile Device Battery HealthThe remaining capacity and performance of a mobile device battery relative to when new.Foundational
• Mobile Device Management (MDM)Centralized management of phones, tablets, and computers to enforce policies, deploy apps, and secure data.Foundational
• Mobile Device OverheatingExcess heat in a phone or tablet caused by heavy use, charging, environment, or failing batteries.Foundational
• Mobile Device SynchronizationKeeping data such as contacts, calendar, email, and files consistent between a mobile device and other systems.Foundational
• Mobile OS UpdateInstalling new versions or security patches of iOS, iPadOS, or Android on mobile devices.Foundational
• Modular Power SupplyA PSU with detachable cables so only the needed connectors are installed.Foundational
• Molex ConnectorA legacy 4-pin peripheral power connector supplying 5 V and 12 V, used for older drives and fans.Foundational
• MotherboardThe main circuit board that connects the CPU, memory, storage, expansion cards, and I/O.Foundational
• Motherboard Form FactorA standard that defines a motherboard's dimensions, mounting holes, and I/O placement.Foundational
• Multifunction Device (MFD)A device combining printing, scanning, copying, and often faxing in one unit.Foundational
• MultimeterA handheld meter that measures voltage, current, resistance, and continuity.Foundational
• mv CommandA Linux/macOS command that moves or renames files and directories.Foundational
• NAND Flash Cell TypesClasses of flash memory (SLC, MLC, TLC, QLC) defined by how many bits each cell stores.Intermediate
• nanoA simple terminal-based text editor common on Linux and macOS.Foundational
• net use CommandA Windows command that connects, lists, or removes mapped network drives and shares.Foundational
• net user CommandA Windows command for creating, modifying, and viewing user accounts.Foundational
• netshA Windows command-line tool for viewing and configuring network settings, including Wi-Fi, firewall, and proxies.Intermediate
• Network DiscoveryA Windows setting that lets a PC find and be found by other devices on the network.Foundational
• Network Location ProfileThe Windows classification of a network as Public or Private (or Domain) that sets firewall and discovery behavior.Foundational
• Northbridge and SouthbridgeLegacy two-chip chipset design where the northbridge handled fast components and the southbridge handled slower I/O.Intermediate
• OneDrive Known Folder Move (KFM)A OneDrive feature that redirects Desktop, Documents, Pictures, and other known folders to OneDrive.Intermediate
• Optical DriveA drive that reads and writes CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs using a laser.Foundational
• Optimize Drives (dfrgui)The Windows tool that defragments HDDs and sends TRIM to SSDs on a schedule.Foundational
• Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)A display technology where each pixel emits its own light, giving perfect blacks and high contrast.Foundational
• Output and OutcomeITIL terms distinguishing a tangible deliverable (output) from the result a stakeholder achieves (outcome).Foundational
• OverclockingRunning a CPU, GPU, or memory faster than its rated specification to gain performance.Intermediate
• Paging FileDisk space used by the OS as virtual memory when physical RAM is full (pagefile.sys on Windows).Intermediate
• Paper JamA printer error where paper becomes stuck in the paper path.Foundational
• Parity MemoryMemory that stores one parity bit per byte to detect, but not correct, single-bit errors.Intermediate
• passwd CommandA Linux/macOS command that changes a user's password.Foundational
• PCI Express (PCIe)A high-speed serial expansion bus connecting graphics cards, NVMe SSDs, and other cards to the motherboard.Foundational
• PCIe LanesIndividual full-duplex serial links that make up a PCIe connection; more lanes provide more bandwidth.Intermediate
• Permanent LinkThe fixed portion of a cabling run from the patch panel to the wall outlet, excluding patch cords.Intermediate
• Permission InheritanceThe default behavior where files and subfolders receive permissions from their parent folder.Intermediate
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Safety gear such as gloves, eye protection, and masks used to reduce injury risk.Foundational
• Pickup RollerA rubber roller that grabs the top sheet from the paper tray and feeds it into the printer.Foundational
• Pin Grid Array (PGA)A CPU package design where the pins are on the underside of the processor and fit holes in the socket.Foundational
• Plan of ActionStep four of troubleshooting: plan the fix, consider impacts, and implement the solution or escalate.Foundational
• POST Beep CodesAudible patterns from the motherboard that indicate which hardware failed during POST.Foundational
• PostScript (PS)Adobe's device-independent page description language used for high-fidelity graphics printing.Intermediate
• Power Factor Correction (PFC)PSU circuitry that aligns current with voltage to improve power usage and enable wide input range.Advanced
• Power OptionsWindows settings for power plans, sleep, hibernation, lid actions, and button behavior.Foundational
• Power Supply TesterA device that checks a PSU's output voltages on each connector without a motherboard.Foundational
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)The component that converts AC wall power to regulated DC voltages for computer components.Foundational
• Power-On Self-Test (POST)Firmware diagnostics run at startup that check the CPU, memory, video, and other core hardware.Foundational
• PowerShell Execution PolicyA PowerShell safety setting that controls whether scripts can run and whether they must be signed.Intermediate
• Preferred Roaming List (PRL)A carrier database on CDMA devices that told phones which towers to use while roaming.Intermediate
• Previous VersionsA Windows feature that restores earlier copies of files or folders from shadow copies or File History.Foundational
• Print ServerA system that manages shared printers, queues, and drivers for network clients.Intermediate
• Print SpoolerThe OS service that queues print jobs and sends them to printers.Foundational
• Printer CalibrationAdjusting a printer's color or alignment settings so output matches expectations.Foundational
• Printer Control Language (PCL)HP's page description language widely supported by laser printers.Intermediate
• Printer DriverSoftware that translates application print data into a language the printer understands.Foundational
• Printer SharingMaking a locally connected or network printer available to other users on the network.Foundational
• PrintheadThe inkjet component with microscopic nozzles that deposit ink onto paper.Foundational
• Priority MatrixA table that derives ticket priority from impact and urgency.Foundational
• Product ActivationVerifying that an operating system or software is properly licensed.Foundational
• Professional CommunicationCustomer service behavior expected of IT support staff, including punctuality, respect, and clear language.Foundational
• ProjectorA display device that projects images onto a surface, rated by brightness in lumens.Foundational
• pwd CommandA Linux/macOS command that prints the current working directory.Foundational
• Question the ObviousA troubleshooting principle of checking simple causes first, such as power, cables, and settings.Foundational
• Quick AssistA built-in Windows app that lets a helper view or control a user's PC remotely with a security code.Foundational
• Random Access Memory (RAM)Volatile working memory that holds the OS, running programs, and active data for fast CPU access.Foundational
• Read-Only Memory (ROM)Non-volatile memory that retains data without power; on PCs it historically stored firmware.Foundational
• Refresh RateHow many times per second a display redraws its image, measured in hertz (Hz).Foundational
• Registered Memory (RDIMM)Server memory with a register that buffers command and address signals, allowing more modules per channel.Intermediate
• Registry Editor (regedit)The Windows tool for viewing and editing the registry database.Foundational
• Reliability MonitorA Windows tool that charts system stability over time with application failures, Windows failures, and updates.Intermediate
• Remote Monitoring and Management (RMM)Software used by IT teams and MSPs to monitor, patch, script, and remotely support endpoints.Intermediate
• Remote WipeErasing data on a lost or stolen device remotely through MDM or a vendor service.Foundational
• Reset This PCA Windows recovery option that reinstalls Windows while keeping or removing personal files.Foundational
• Resource MonitorA Windows tool (resmon) that gives detailed real-time CPU, memory, disk, and network usage per process.Intermediate
• Response TimeHow quickly a display pixel changes from one color to another, measured in milliseconds.Foundational
• Restore PointA snapshot of Windows system settings and files used by System Restore.Foundational
• Ribbon CableA flat multi-conductor cable used to connect internal laptop and device components.Foundational
• rm CommandA Linux/macOS command that deletes files and, with -r, directories.Foundational
• Roaming ProfileA Windows user profile stored on a server and downloaded to whichever domain computer a user signs in to.Intermediate
• Robust File Copy (robocopy)A Windows command-line tool for reliable, resumable file and folder copying with mirroring.Intermediate
• RootingGaining superuser (root) access on an Android device, bypassing built-in restrictions.Foundational
• Safe ModeA Windows startup mode that loads only essential drivers and services for troubleshooting.Foundational
• Safety Data Sheet (SDS)A document describing a material's hazards, safe handling, storage, PPE, first aid, and disposal requirements.Foundational
• SambaOpen-source software that provides SMB file and print sharing for Linux and macOS.Intermediate
• SATA Power ConnectorA 15-pin L-shaped PSU connector that supplies 3.3 V, 5 V, and 12 V to SATA drives.Foundational
• Screen LockA device setting that requires authentication to unlock after inactivity or on demand.Foundational
• Script File TypesCommon script file extensions tested at the A+ level: .bat, .ps1, .vbs, .sh, .js, and .py.Foundational
• Secure Digital Card (SD)A removable flash memory card format used in cameras, drones, and some laptops and phones.Foundational
• Secure EraseA drive firmware command that erases all user data on SSDs or HDDs, including remapped areas.Intermediate
• Secure Print ReleaseA printing feature that holds jobs until the user authenticates at the printer.Foundational
• Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T.)Built-in drive health monitoring that tracks attributes such as reallocated sectors and wear level.Intermediate
• Self-Service PortalA web portal where users can log tickets, request services, check status, and search knowledge.Foundational
• Separation PadA friction pad that ensures only one sheet of paper feeds at a time.Foundational
• Serial PortA legacy RS-232 interface (DB-9) used for console connections and older peripherals.Foundational
• Serial Presence Detect (SPD)A small EEPROM on a memory module that stores its size, speed, timings, and voltage.Advanced
• Service Catalogue ManagementThe ITIL practice of providing a single source of consistent information on all services and offerings.Intermediate
• Service Configuration ManagementThe ITIL practice of ensuring accurate information about configuration items and their relationships is available.Intermediate
• Service Desk PracticeThe ITIL 4 practice that captures demand for incident resolution and service requests as the single point of contact.Foundational
• Service Level ManagementThe ITIL practice of setting clear business-based targets for service levels and monitoring performance against them.Intermediate
• Service Request ManagementThe ITIL practice of handling pre-defined, user-initiated requests for services.Foundational
• Service Value ChainThe ITIL 4 operating model of six activities that convert demand into value.Foundational
• Service Value System (SVS)ITIL 4's model of how components work together to create value from opportunity and demand.Foundational
• Services ConsoleThe Windows tool (services.msc) for starting, stopping, and configuring background services.Foundational
• shutdown CommandA Windows command to shut down, restart, or log off local or remote computers.Foundational
• SideloadingInstalling apps on a mobile device from outside the official app store.Foundational
• Sleep ModeA low-power state that keeps memory powered so the system resumes quickly.Foundational
• Small Form Factor PC (SFF)A compact desktop design that uses smaller boards, low-profile cards, and limited internal space.Foundational
• Small Outline DIMM (SO-DIMM)A smaller memory module used in laptops, mini PCs, and some all-in-ones.Foundational
• Smart Card ReaderA device that reads chip-based cards used for authentication, such as PIV and CAC cards.Foundational
• Smartphone TetheringSharing a phone's cellular data connection with another device via USB, Bluetooth, or Wi-Fi hotspot.Foundational
• SmartScreenA Microsoft reputation-based protection that warns about malicious sites and untrusted downloads.Intermediate
• Software DeploymentDistributing and installing applications to many endpoints with management tools.Intermediate
• Software LicensingThe legal terms governing how software can be installed and used.Foundational
• Solid-State Drive (SSD)A storage device using NAND flash memory with no moving parts, offering fast access and low latency.Foundational
• Solid-State Hybrid Drive (SSHD)A hard drive with a small built-in flash cache that stores frequently accessed data.Foundational
• Sound CardA device that converts digital audio to analog output and analog input to digital, via expansion card or onboard chip.Foundational
• Spindle SpeedThe rotational speed of a hard drive's platters in revolutions per minute (RPM).Foundational
• SpotlightThe macOS system-wide search tool for finding files, apps, settings, and information.Foundational
• Startup RepairA WinRE tool that automatically diagnoses and fixes problems that prevent Windows from booting.Foundational
• Static RAM (SRAM)Fast memory that holds data in flip-flop circuits without needing refresh; used for CPU cache.Intermediate
• Stop ErrorA critical Windows error that halts the system with a stop code, commonly called a blue screen of death (BSOD).Foundational
• Storage SenseA Windows Settings feature that automatically frees disk space by deleting temporary files and offloading cloud files.Foundational
• Surge ProtectorA power strip or device that diverts voltage spikes away from connected equipment.Foundational
• System Configuration (msconfig)A Windows utility for configuring boot options, services, and diagnostic startup.Foundational
• System File Checker (sfc)A Windows command that scans and repairs protected system files.Foundational
• System Information (msinfo32)A Windows tool that displays detailed hardware, firmware, and software configuration.Foundational
• System on a Chip (SoC)A single chip integrating CPU, GPU, memory controller, and other subsystems, common in mobile devices.Intermediate
• System RestoreA Windows feature that rolls system files, drivers, registry, and installed programs back to an earlier restore point.Foundational
• System SettingsThe macOS app for configuring system preferences, replacing System Preferences since macOS Ventura.Foundational
• Task ManagerA Windows utility that shows running processes, performance, startup apps, users, and services.Foundational
• Task SchedulerA Windows tool (taskschd.msc) for running programs or scripts automatically on triggers or schedules.Foundational
• Temporary ProfileA Windows profile loaded when a user's normal profile cannot be loaded, with changes lost at sign-out.Intermediate
• Thermal Design Power (TDP)The rated heat output, in watts, a cooling system must dissipate for a processor under typical sustained load.Intermediate
• Thermal PadA soft, pre-formed thermally conductive pad used between components and heat sinks where gaps are larger.Intermediate
• Thermal PasteA thermally conductive compound applied between a processor and heat sink to fill air gaps.Foundational
• Thermal PrinterA printer that uses heat on special heat-sensitive paper (direct thermal) or a ribbon (thermal transfer).Foundational
• Thermal ThrottlingAutomatic reduction of processor speed to prevent damage when temperature limits are reached.Foundational
• ThunderboltAn Intel-developed interface over USB-C that combines PCIe, DisplayPort, and USB with high bandwidth.Intermediate
• Ticket TriageAssessing and categorizing new tickets to set priority and route them correctly.Foundational
• Ticketing SystemSoftware that records, tracks, prioritizes, and reports on support incidents and requests.Foundational
• Tiered Support ModelOrganizing IT support into levels (Tier 0-3) by complexity and expertise.Foundational
• Time MachinemacOS's built-in backup utility that keeps hourly, daily, and weekly snapshots on an external or network drive.Foundational
• Toner CartridgeThe replaceable laser printer unit containing powdered toner, often combined with the drum.Foundational
• TouchpadA laptop pointing device that senses finger movement and gestures.Foundational
• Transfer RollerThe laser printer component that applies charge to paper so toner moves from the drum to the page.Intermediate
• TRIMAn OS command that tells an SSD which blocks are no longer in use so it can erase them in advance.Intermediate
• Twisted Nematic (TN)An LCD panel type with very fast response times but narrow viewing angles and weaker color.Foundational
• Unattended InstallationAn OS installation that runs without user input, using an answer file.Intermediate
• Unified MemoryA memory design where the CPU, GPU, and other processors share one pool of RAM in the same package.Intermediate
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)The standard interface for connecting peripherals, storage, and charging to computers and mobile devices.Foundational
• USB Power Delivery (USB PD)A USB charging specification that negotiates higher voltages and currents over USB-C, up to 240 W.Intermediate
• USB Type-CA reversible 24-pin USB connector that supports data, video, and high-wattage charging.Foundational
• User Account Control (UAC)A Windows feature that prompts for consent or credentials before actions requiring administrative privileges.Foundational
• Utility and WarrantyITIL concepts describing what a service does (utility, fit for purpose) and how well it performs (warranty, fit for use).Foundational
• Verify Full System FunctionalityStep five of troubleshooting: confirm the fix works end to end and apply preventive measures.Foundational
• Vertical Alignment (VA)An LCD panel type with high contrast ratios and deep blacks but slower response than IPS or TN.Intermediate
• Video Graphics Array (VGA)A legacy analog video connector (DE-15, three rows of 15 pins) for monitors and projectors.Foundational
• Virtual MemoryAn OS technique that gives each process its own address space backed by RAM and disk storage.Intermediate
• Virtual Network Computing (VNC)A cross-platform remote desktop system that uses the RFB protocol, typically on TCP port 5900.Intermediate
• Voltage Regulator Module (VRM)Motherboard circuitry that converts 12 V from the PSU into the low voltages needed by the CPU.Advanced
• Wearable DeviceA body-worn smart device such as a smartwatch, fitness tracker, or smart glasses.Foundational
• WebcamA camera built into or attached to a computer for video calls and recording.Foundational
• whoami CommandA command that displays the currently logged-on user and, on Windows, groups and privileges.Foundational
• Wi-Fi Antenna ConnectorSmall coaxial connectors (U.FL/IPEX) that attach laptop antenna cables to the wireless card.Intermediate
• Windows 10 End of SupportThe October 14, 2025 date after which Windows 10 stopped receiving free security updates.Foundational
• Windows 11Microsoft's current desktop operating system, requiring TPM 2.0, UEFI Secure Boot capability, and a supported 64-bit CPU.Foundational
• Windows AutopilotA Microsoft service that provisions new Windows devices straight from the OEM using cloud identity and Intune.Intermediate
• Windows Boot Manager (bootmgr)The Windows boot loader component that reads BCD and starts the selected OS loader.Intermediate
• Windows Defender FirewallThe host-based stateful firewall built into Windows, with Domain, Private, and Public profiles.Foundational
• Windows EditionsThe different versions of Windows (Home, Pro, Enterprise, Education) with different features and licensing.Foundational
• Windows Feature UpdateAn annual Windows release that adds new features and resets the support lifecycle.Intermediate
• Windows Imaging Format (WIM)A file-based disk image format (.wim) used for Windows installation and deployment.Advanced
• Windows Installer Package (MSI)The .msi installation package format used to install, repair, and uninstall Windows software.Intermediate
• Windows Memory Diagnostic (mdsched)A built-in Windows tool that tests RAM for errors at the next reboot.Foundational
• Windows Package Manager (winget)A Windows command-line tool for installing, upgrading, and removing applications.Intermediate
• Windows Preinstallation Environment (WinPE)A minimal Windows environment used to install, deploy, and repair Windows.Advanced
• Windows Quality UpdateA monthly cumulative Windows update that delivers security and reliability fixes.Intermediate
• Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE)A recovery OS built on WinPE that provides startup repair, restore, reset, and command-line tools.Foundational
• Windows SandboxA lightweight disposable desktop in Windows Pro and Enterprise for safely running untrusted applications.Intermediate
• Windows SecurityThe Windows app that centralizes antivirus, firewall, device security, and account protection status.Foundational
• Windows SettingsThe modern Windows configuration app for system, devices, network, accounts, privacy, and updates.Foundational
• Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL)A Windows feature that runs Linux distributions directly on Windows.Intermediate
• Windows TerminalA modern Windows terminal application that hosts PowerShell, Command Prompt, and WSL shells in tabs.Foundational
• Windows Update for Business (WUfB)Policies that control when and how Windows devices receive updates directly from Windows Update.Intermediate
• winverA Windows command that displays the installed Windows version and build number.Foundational
• WorkaroundA solution that reduces or eliminates the impact of an incident or problem without a permanent fix.Foundational
• WorkgroupA peer-to-peer Windows network where each computer manages its own accounts and resources.Foundational
• x86-64 Architecture (x64)The 64-bit extension of the x86 instruction set used by most Intel and AMD PC processors.Foundational
• xcopyA legacy Windows command that copies files and directory trees.Foundational
• XProtectApple's built-in signature-based malware detection for macOS.Intermediate
• yumThe legacy package manager for Red Hat-based Linux distributions, replaced by dnf.Foundational
• Zero Insertion Force Socket (ZIF)A CPU socket with a lever that releases clamping pressure so the processor can be inserted without force.Foundational