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IT Support & Hardware · Foundational

Firmware

Low-level software stored in non-volatile memory that controls hardware and initializes devices.

Definition

Firmware runs in motherboards (BIOS/UEFI), SSDs, routers, printers, and peripherals. Updates fix bugs, add hardware support, and patch security flaws. A failed firmware update from power loss can brick a device, so updates should run on stable power.

Example

Updating a printer's firmware to fix a scan-to-email bug.

Exam tip

Firmware updates should be planned like changes: read release notes, keep power stable, and have a recovery plan.

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