Systems & Data Center terms

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• /dev DirectoryThe Linux directory containing device files that represent hardware and pseudo-devices, such as disks, terminals and /dev/null.Foundational
• /etc DirectoryThe Linux directory holding host-specific, system-wide configuration files such as passwd, fstab, hosts and service configs.Foundational
• /etc/fstabThe Linux file that lists filesystems to mount automatically at boot, with their devices, mount points, types and options.Foundational
• /etc/groupThe Linux file that defines local groups, their GIDs and their supplementary members.Foundational
• /etc/hostsA local Linux file mapping hostnames to IP addresses, checked before or instead of DNS according to nsswitch.conf.Foundational
• /etc/passwdThe world-readable Linux file listing local user accounts with UID, GID, home directory and login shell.Foundational
• /etc/resolv.confThe Linux resolver configuration file listing DNS nameservers and search domains.Foundational
• /etc/shadowThe root-only Linux file that stores hashed user passwords and password aging information.Foundational
• /etc/sudoersThe configuration file defining which users and groups may run which commands via sudo.Intermediate
• /proc Filesystem (procfs)A virtual filesystem generated by the kernel that exposes process and system information as files under /proc.Intermediate
• /sys Filesystem (sysfs)A virtual filesystem mounted at /sys that exposes kernel objects such as devices, drivers and buses in a structured hierarchy.Intermediate
• /var DirectoryThe Linux directory for variable data that changes during operation, including logs, spool files, caches and databases.Foundational
• 2N RedundancyA design with two fully independent systems, each able to carry the entire load, so one whole system can fail.Intermediate
• ACI TenantA logical container in Cisco ACI that isolates policy, VRFs, bridge domains and EPGs for a customer, business unit or environment.Intermediate
• Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)The Windows Server role that implements a public key infrastructure for issuing and managing digital certificates.Advanced
• Active Directory DomainA logical AD boundary of administration, replication and authentication sharing a common directory database and DNS namespace.Foundational
• Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)Microsoft's on-premises directory service that stores users, computers and groups and provides authentication and policy for Windows domains.Foundational
• Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)A Windows Server role providing claims-based single sign-on to external applications using SAML, WS-Federation and OpenID Connect.Advanced
• Active Directory Recycle BinAn optional AD feature that lets deleted objects be restored with all attributes and group memberships intact.Intermediate
• Active Directory ReplicationThe multi-master process that synchronizes directory changes among domain controllers within and between sites.Advanced
• Active Directory SiteAn AD object representing a well-connected physical location, defined by IP subnets, used to control replication and client DC selection.Intermediate
• Active Directory Users and Computers (ADUC)The classic MMC console for managing AD users, groups, computers and OUs.Foundational
• Active Directory-Integrated DNS ZoneA DNS zone stored in the AD database and replicated with AD, supporting multi-master updates and secure dynamic updates.Intermediate
• Admission ControlA vSphere HA policy that reserves cluster capacity so VMs can be restarted after host failures.Intermediate
• AGDLPThe Microsoft group nesting strategy: Accounts go into Global groups, which go into Domain Local groups, which receive Permissions.Intermediate
• Air-Gapped BackupA backup copy that is physically or logically isolated from production networks so attackers cannot reach it.Intermediate
• Aisle ContainmentPhysically enclosing hot aisles or cold aisles with doors, panels or roofs to prevent mixing of hot and cold air.Intermediate
• AppArmorA Linux mandatory access control module that confines programs using path-based profiles, default on Ubuntu and SUSE.Intermediate
• Application Policy Infrastructure Controller (APIC)The clustered controller that manages and pushes policy to a Cisco ACI fabric.Intermediate
• Application-Consistent BackupA backup taken after the application flushes buffers and pauses writes so data is in a recoverable, transactionally consistent state.Intermediate
• APTThe Advanced Package Tool, the high-level package manager for Debian, Ubuntu and related distributions.Foundational
• ASHRAE Thermal GuidelinesASHRAE TC 9.9 recommendations for data center temperature and humidity, with a recommended inlet range of 18-27 degrees C.Intermediate
• Asymmetric Logical Unit Access (ALUA)A SCSI standard by which a storage array reports which paths to a LUN are active-optimized versus active-non-optimized.Advanced
• Authoritative RestoreAn AD restore method that marks restored objects as authoritative so they replicate out and override newer copies on other DCs.Advanced
• autofsA Linux service that mounts filesystems automatically on access and unmounts them after a period of inactivity.Advanced
• Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)A switch that automatically transfers electrical load from a failed utility source to a backup source such as a generator.Intermediate
• awkA Linux pattern-scanning and text-processing language that splits lines into fields for filtering and reporting.Intermediate
• Azure File SyncAn Azure service that syncs Windows file servers with Azure Files and can tier infrequently used files to the cloud.Intermediate
• Backup GeneratorAn engine-driven generator, typically diesel, that supplies long-duration power to a facility during utility outages.Foundational
• Backup WindowThe period during which backups are allowed to run without disrupting production workloads.Foundational
• Baseboard Management Controller (BMC)A dedicated microcontroller on a server motherboard that provides out-of-band monitoring and management independent of the OS.Foundational
• BashThe Bourne Again Shell, the default command interpreter and scripting language on most Linux distributions.Foundational
• Blade ServerA thin, modular server that slides into a shared chassis providing power, cooling, networking and management.Foundational
• blkidA Linux command that displays block device attributes such as filesystem type, label and UUID.Foundational
• Bridge Domain (BD)A Cisco ACI Layer 2 forwarding construct, associated with a VRF, that defines a flood domain and holds subnet gateways.Advanced
• BtrfsA copy-on-write Linux filesystem with built-in snapshots, subvolumes, checksums, compression and multi-device support.Intermediate
• Buffer-to-Buffer Credits (BB credits)The Fibre Channel flow control mechanism where a sender may transmit only as many frames as the receiver has advertised buffers for.Advanced
• Centrally-Routed Bridging (CRB)An EVPN-VXLAN design in which inter-VXLAN routing gateways are located on spine (or dedicated gateway) devices.Advanced
• chageThe Linux command that views and sets password aging policy for a user account.Intermediate
• Changed Block Tracking (CBT)A hypervisor feature that records which disk blocks changed since a point in time so backups copy only changed blocks.Advanced
• chattrA Linux command that sets extended filesystem attributes, such as immutable (+i) or append-only (+a), on files.Advanced
• chmodThe Linux command that changes file and directory permission bits using symbolic or octal notation.Foundational
• chownThe Linux command that changes the user and/or group owner of files and directories.Foundational
• chronyThe default NTP implementation on modern Linux that synchronizes the system clock with time servers.Intermediate
• Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure (ACI)Cisco's software-defined data center fabric using Nexus 9000 spine-leaf switches centrally managed by APIC through application policies.Intermediate
• Cisco IntersightCisco's SaaS-based infrastructure management platform for UCS servers, HyperFlex, Nexus and third-party systems.Intermediate
• Cisco NX-OSCisco's data center network operating system for Nexus switches and MDS storage switches.Intermediate
• Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS)Cisco's data center server platform that unifies compute, networking and storage access with policy-based, stateless management.Intermediate
• Citrix Delivery ControllerThe Citrix server component that brokers connections, manages VDA registrations and communicates with the hypervisor and site database.Intermediate
• Citrix Provisioning (PVS)A Citrix technology that streams a single shared vDisk image to many target devices over the network at boot.Advanced
• Citrix StoreFrontThe Citrix component that authenticates users and presents the stores of applications and desktops they are entitled to.Intermediate
• Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops (CVAD)Citrix's platform for delivering virtual desktops and published applications, available on-premises or as Citrix DaaS.Intermediate
• Cloud WitnessA failover cluster quorum witness that uses an Azure Storage account blob as a tie-breaking vote.Intermediate
• Cluster QuorumThe voting mechanism a failover cluster uses to decide whether enough nodes are communicating to keep running and avoid split-brain.Intermediate
• Cluster Shared Volume (CSV)A Windows failover cluster storage feature that lets all nodes read and write the same NTFS or ReFS volume simultaneously.Advanced
• Compiling Software from SourceBuilding a program from its source code, typically using configure, make and make install.Intermediate
• Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC)A precision cooling unit using a refrigerant compressor to cool data center air; contrasted with a CRAH, which uses chilled water.Intermediate
• Connection BrokerThe VDI component that authenticates users and assigns them to available desktops or published applications.Intermediate
• Content LibraryA vSphere feature that stores and distributes VM templates, OVF packages, ISOs and scripts across vCenter instances.Intermediate
• ContractA Cisco ACI policy object that defines which traffic is permitted between provider and consumer EPGs using subjects and filters.Advanced
• Controller VM (CVM)The Nutanix virtual machine on each node that runs the distributed storage services and serves I/O to local VMs.Advanced
• CPU Ready TimeThe time a VM's vCPU is ready to run but waiting for the hypervisor to schedule it on a physical CPU.Advanced
• Credential GuardA Windows security feature that uses virtualization-based security to isolate credential secrets from the operating system.Advanced
• crontabA per-user schedule table for cron jobs, and the command used to edit, list or remove it.Foundational
• DaemonA background process that runs without an interactive terminal, typically providing a system service.Foundational
• Data Center Bridging (DCB)A set of IEEE Ethernet enhancements, including PFC, ETS and DCBX, that enable lossless, prioritized traffic for storage and RDMA.Advanced
• Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM)Software that monitors and manages data center physical infrastructure such as power, cooling, space and assets.Intermediate
• Data DeduplicationA storage efficiency technique that eliminates duplicate data blocks or segments, storing only one copy and references to it.Intermediate
• Desired State Configuration (DSC)A PowerShell declarative configuration management platform that defines and enforces how servers should be configured.Advanced
• Device Mapper Multipath (DM-Multipath)A Linux feature that combines multiple I/O paths to a SAN LUN into one device for redundancy and load balancing.Advanced
• dfThe Linux disk free command that reports total, used and available space for each mounted filesystem.Foundational
• DFS Namespaces (DFS-N)A Windows Server feature that presents shared folders from multiple servers under one logical UNC path.Intermediate
• DFS Replication (DFSR)A Windows Server multi-master replication engine that synchronizes folders between servers using Remote Differential Compression.Intermediate
• DHCP FailoverA Windows Server DHCP feature where two servers share lease information for a scope in load-balance or hot-standby mode.Intermediate
• Differential BackupA backup that copies all data changed since the last full backup, growing each day until the next full.Foundational
• Direct-Attached Storage (DAS)Storage connected directly to a single server, such as internal drives or an external SAS enclosure, without a network.Foundational
• Direct-to-Chip Liquid CoolingCooling that circulates liquid through cold plates mounted on CPUs and GPUs to remove heat at the source.Advanced
• Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM)A special boot mode for domain controllers that takes AD DS offline for maintenance or restoration, using a local DSRM password.Advanced
• Distinguished Name (DN)The full LDAP path that uniquely identifies an object in a directory, built from components such as CN, OU and DC.Intermediate
• Distributed Anycast GatewayA fabric design where every leaf hosts the same default gateway IP and MAC for a subnet, so hosts route at their local leaf.Advanced
• dmesgA Linux command that prints the kernel ring buffer containing hardware detection, driver and kernel messages.Foundational
• DNFThe default high-level package manager on RHEL, Fedora and derivatives, successor to YUM, resolving dependencies from repositories.Foundational
• Domain Controller (DC)A Windows Server running AD DS that authenticates users and computers and holds a writable or read-only copy of the directory.Foundational
• Domain JoinAdding a computer to an Active Directory domain so it trusts the domain for authentication and receives Group Policy.Foundational
• Domain Naming MasterThe forest-wide FSMO role that controls adding and removing domains and application partitions in the forest.Intermediate
• Domain TreeOne or more AD domains sharing a contiguous DNS namespace and connected by two-way transitive parent-child trusts.Intermediate
• dpkgThe low-level Debian package tool that installs, removes and queries .deb files without repository dependency resolution.Foundational
• duThe Linux disk usage command that totals space consumed by files and directories.Foundational
• Dynamic MemoryA Hyper-V feature that adjusts a VM's memory between minimum and maximum values based on demand.Intermediate
• Edge-Routed Bridging (ERB)An EVPN-VXLAN design in which inter-VXLAN routing (IRB gateways) is performed on the leaf switches.Advanced
• Endpoint Group (EPG)In Cisco ACI, a collection of endpoints with the same policy requirements, the unit to which contracts are applied.Intermediate
• Enhanced vMotion Compatibility (EVC)A vSphere cluster setting that masks CPU features so hosts with different CPU generations can vMotion VMs between them.Intermediate
• Environment VariableA named value in a process environment that programs and shells read for configuration, such as PATH, HOME or LANG.Foundational
• Erasure CodingA data protection method that splits data into fragments with parity fragments distributed across nodes or drives, rebuilding from any sufficient subset.Advanced
• Error-Correcting Code Memory (ECC)Server RAM that detects and corrects single-bit memory errors and detects multi-bit errors, improving reliability.Foundational
• Ethernet Segment Identifier (ESI)A 10-byte EVPN identifier for a set of links connecting a device to multiple PE or leaf switches, enabling all-active multihoming.Advanced
• Event ViewerThe Windows console for viewing System, Application, Security and other event logs.Foundational
• Exit StatusThe numeric code a Linux command returns on completion, where 0 means success and non-zero indicates an error.Foundational
• ext4The fourth extended filesystem, a mature journaling filesystem that is the default on many Debian and Ubuntu Linux systems.Foundational
• Fabric Interconnect (FI)A pair of Cisco UCS switches that provide unified LAN and SAN connectivity and host UCS Manager for connected servers.Advanced
• Fabric Login (FLOGI)The Fibre Channel process in which an N_Port logs in to the fabric switch to obtain an FC ID.Advanced
• Failover ClusteringA Windows Server feature that groups servers (nodes) so clustered roles automatically fail over to another node when one fails.Intermediate
• fdiskAn interactive Linux command-line utility for creating, deleting and listing disk partitions on MBR and GPT disks.Foundational
• Fibre Channel (FC)A high-speed, lossless storage networking protocol that carries block SCSI or NVMe traffic between servers and storage arrays.Intermediate
• Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE)A protocol that encapsulates Fibre Channel frames directly in Ethernet frames, requiring lossless Data Center Bridging.Advanced
• Fibre Channel ZoningFabric-level access control that defines which FC devices can communicate with each other.Intermediate
• File Server Resource Manager (FSRM)A Windows Server role service for managing folder quotas, file screening, classification and storage reports.Intermediate
• Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)The standard that defines the directory layout and purpose of top-level directories on Linux and Unix-like systems.Foundational
• findA Linux command that searches directory trees for files matching criteria such as name, type, size, age, owner or permissions.Foundational
• Fine-Grained Password Policy (FGPP)An AD feature that applies different password and lockout policies to specific users or global groups through Password Settings Objects.Advanced
• firewalldThe dynamic host firewall manager on RHEL and Fedora that uses zones and services on top of nftables.Intermediate
• firewalld ZoneA named firewalld trust level, such as public, internal or trusted, that applies a rule set to interfaces or source addresses.Intermediate
• Flexible Single Master Operation (FSMO)Five special AD roles held by specific domain controllers to perform operations that cannot be multi-master.Intermediate
• ForestThe top-level AD container of one or more domain trees that share a schema, configuration and global catalog; the security boundary.Intermediate
• fsckThe Linux filesystem consistency check and repair utility, run on unmounted filesystems.Foundational
• FSLogix Profile ContainerA Microsoft profile solution that stores a user's entire Windows profile in a VHDX mounted at sign-in on non-persistent desktops.Intermediate
• Full BackupA backup that copies all selected data regardless of when it last changed.Foundational
• Functional LevelA domain or forest setting that determines which AD features are available, based on the oldest DC operating system allowed.Intermediate
• Global Catalog (GC)A domain controller that stores a partial, read-only replica of every object in the forest to support forest-wide searches and logons.Intermediate
• gpresultA Windows command that displays the Resultant Set of Policy applied to a user and computer.Intermediate
• Grandfather-Father-Son Rotation (GFS)A backup retention scheme using daily (son), weekly (father) and monthly (grandfather) backup sets.Foundational
• grepA Linux command that searches text for lines matching a pattern or regular expression.Foundational
• Group Managed Service Account (gMSA)An AD account for services whose complex password is automatically managed and rotated by domain controllers and usable on multiple servers.Advanced
• Group Policy Object (GPO)A collection of settings in Active Directory that configures users and computers when linked to sites, domains or OUs.Foundational
• Group Policy Processing OrderThe sequence in which GPOs apply: local, site, domain, then OU (LSDOU), with later policies overriding earlier ones.Intermediate
• Group ScopeThe AD property (domain local, global or universal) that determines where a group can be used and what members it can contain.Intermediate
• GRUB 2The GRand Unified Bootloader version 2, the standard Linux boot loader that loads the kernel and initramfs.Intermediate
• GUID Partition Table (GPT)A modern disk partitioning scheme, part of the UEFI specification, supporting disks over 2 TiB and up to 128 partitions by default.Foundational
• Hard LinkAn additional directory entry that points to the same inode as an existing file, making both names equal references to the same data.Intermediate
• Hardware RAID ControllerA dedicated adapter that implements RAID on its own processor, offloading parity calculation and often providing protected write cache.Intermediate
• Hardware-Assisted VirtualizationCPU extensions, such as Intel VT-x and AMD-V, that let hypervisors run guests efficiently and securely.Foundational
• HDXCitrix's high-definition user experience technologies and remote display protocol (ICA) for virtual apps and desktops.Advanced
• Host Bus Adapter (HBA)An adapter that connects a server to a storage network or devices, most commonly a Fibre Channel HBA or a SAS HBA.Foundational
• Host PoolIn Azure Virtual Desktop, a collection of identical session host VMs that deliver desktops or apps to users.Intermediate
• hostnamectlA systemd utility that views and sets the system hostname and related host metadata.Foundational
• Hot Aisle/Cold AisleA rack layout in which rows face alternately so equipment intakes share cold aisles and exhausts share hot aisles.Foundational
• Hot SpareAn idle standby drive in a storage array that automatically replaces a failed member and triggers a rebuild.Foundational
• Hot-SwappableA component that can be removed and replaced while the system is running without powering it down.Foundational
• HPE Integrated Lights-Out (iLO)HPE's BMC for ProLiant and Synergy servers offering remote console, virtual media, health monitoring and firmware management.Foundational
• Hyper-VMicrosoft's Type 1 hypervisor built into Windows Server and Windows client editions.Foundational
• Hyper-V CheckpointHyper-V's point-in-time VM capture; production checkpoints use VSS for application-consistent images, while standard checkpoints include memory state.Intermediate
• Hyper-V Generation 2 VMA Hyper-V VM type using UEFI firmware, Secure Boot, SCSI boot and synthetic devices, versus legacy BIOS-based Generation 1.Intermediate
• Hyper-V ReplicaAsynchronous Hyper-V VM replication from a primary host to a replica host for disaster recovery.Intermediate
• Hyper-V Virtual SwitchA software Layer 2 switch in Hyper-V that connects VMs to each other, the host and external networks.Foundational
• Hyperconverged Infrastructure (HCI)An architecture combining compute, storage and virtualization on standard servers, with software-defined storage pooled across nodes.Foundational
• HypervisorSoftware that creates and runs virtual machines by abstracting physical CPU, memory, storage and network resources.Foundational
• Incremental BackupA backup that copies only data changed since the last backup of any type, minimizing backup time and storage.Foundational
• Infrastructure MasterThe domain-wide FSMO role that updates cross-domain object references, such as group members from other domains.Advanced
• initramfsAn initial RAM filesystem loaded by the boot loader that contains drivers and tools needed to mount the real root filesystem.Advanced
• InodeA filesystem data structure storing a file's metadata (owner, permissions, timestamps, block pointers) but not its name.Intermediate
• Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS)A storage performance metric counting how many read and write operations a device or system completes each second.Intermediate
• Instant CloneA desktop provisioning technique that creates VMs rapidly by forking a running parent VM's memory and disk state.Advanced
• Integrated Dell Remote Access Controller (iDRAC)Dell's BMC for PowerEdge servers, providing remote console, virtual media, firmware updates and hardware monitoring.Foundational
• Intelligent Platform Management Interface (IPMI)A legacy standard interface for out-of-band server management through the BMC, supporting sensor reads, power control and serial-over-LAN.Intermediate
• iostatA Linux sysstat command that reports CPU and per-device I/O statistics such as IOPS, throughput, latency and utilization.Intermediate
• ipThe iproute2 Linux command for viewing and configuring addresses, links, routes and neighbors, replacing ifconfig and route.Foundational
• IP Fabric UnderlayThe routed Layer 3 spine-leaf network, often using eBGP, that provides IP reachability and ECMP for an overlay such as VXLAN EVPN.Advanced
• iptablesThe legacy Linux packet-filtering command that manages netfilter tables and chains such as INPUT, OUTPUT and FORWARD.Intermediate
• iSCSI InitiatorThe client side of an iSCSI connection, implemented in software or a hardware adapter, that sends SCSI commands to a target.Intermediate
• iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN)The globally unique name format identifying iSCSI initiators and targets, based on a date and reversed domain name.Intermediate
• iSCSI TargetThe storage side of an iSCSI connection that presents LUNs to authorized initiators.Intermediate
• journalctlThe command for querying logs collected by systemd-journald, filtered by unit, time, priority or boot.Intermediate
• Journaling File SystemA filesystem that records pending changes in a journal before committing them, enabling fast and consistent recovery after a crash.Foundational
• Juniper ApstraJuniper's intent-based networking software that designs, deploys and validates multivendor data center fabrics.Intermediate
• Juniper QFX SeriesJuniper's data center switch line running Junos OS, used as spines and leaves in EVPN-VXLAN IP fabrics.Intermediate
• Just Enough Administration (JEA)A PowerShell security technology that limits remote administrators to specific cmdlets and parameters through constrained endpoints.Advanced
• Kernel ModuleA loadable piece of kernel code, typically a device driver, that can be inserted or removed without rebooting.Intermediate
• Kernel PanicA fatal error from which the Linux kernel cannot safely recover, causing the system to halt or reboot.Intermediate
• Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)A Type 1 hypervisor built into the Linux kernel that turns Linux into a host for virtual machines.Intermediate
• KickstartRed Hat's automated installation method that uses a configuration file to answer all installer prompts.Intermediate
• L3OutA Cisco ACI external routed network connection that exchanges routes and traffic between the fabric and outside networks.Advanced
• libvirtAn open-source API, daemon and toolkit for managing virtualization platforms such as KVM/QEMU.Intermediate
• Linear Tape-Open (LTO)An open magnetic tape standard for high-capacity, low-cost, long-term backup and archive storage.Foundational
• Linux Boot ProcessThe sequence of firmware, boot loader, kernel, initramfs and init system that brings a Linux host to an operational state.Intermediate
• Linux File PermissionsThe read, write and execute (rwx) access bits that Linux assigns separately to a file's owner, group and others.Foundational
• Linux KernelThe core of the Linux operating system that manages CPU scheduling, memory, devices, filesystems and networking.Foundational
• Linux SignalsSoftware interrupts sent to processes to request actions such as terminate, reload or stop, using commands like kill.Foundational
• Live MigrationMoving a running VM from one host to another with no perceptible downtime, as in Hyper-V Live Migration or KVM live migration.Intermediate
• Load AverageThe average number of processes running or waiting for CPU or uninterruptible I/O over 1, 5 and 15 minutes on Linux.Intermediate
• Logical Unit Number (LUN)An identifier for a logical block device presented by a storage system to hosts; commonly used to mean the volume itself.Foundational
• Logical Volume (LV)In LVM, a virtual block device allocated from a volume group that is formatted and mounted like a partition.Intermediate
• Logical Volume Manager (LVM)A Linux storage layer that pools physical disks into volume groups and carves flexible, resizable logical volumes from them.Intermediate
• logrotateA Linux utility that rotates, compresses and removes old log files on a schedule to control disk usage.Intermediate
• lsblkA Linux command that lists block devices in a tree, showing disks, partitions, LVM volumes and their mount points.Foundational
• lsofA Linux command that lists open files and the processes using them, including network sockets.Intermediate
• LUN MaskingAn array-side access control that makes a LUN visible only to specified host initiators.Intermediate
• LVM SnapshotA point-in-time copy of a logical volume that uses copy-on-write to record changes, commonly used for consistent backups.Advanced
• Machine Creation Services (MCS)A Citrix provisioning method that uses hypervisor APIs to create VM catalogs from a master image snapshot.Intermediate
• Master Boot Record (MBR)A legacy partitioning scheme storing the boot loader and partition table in the first 512-byte sector of a disk.Foundational
• Memory BallooningA memory reclamation technique where a driver inside the guest inflates to make the guest OS release memory back to the hypervisor.Advanced
• Memory OvercommitmentAllocating more total memory to VMs than the physical host has, relying on reclamation techniques when demand peaks.Intermediate
• Micro-SegmentationA security approach that applies fine-grained firewall policies between individual workloads, even within the same subnet.Intermediate
• Microsoft Entra Connect SyncThe on-premises synchronization tool, formerly Azure AD Connect, that syncs AD DS identities to Microsoft Entra ID.Intermediate
• MirroringWriting identical copies of data to two or more drives or systems for redundancy.Foundational
• mkfsThe Linux command family that creates (formats) a filesystem on a block device, such as mkfs.ext4 or mkfs.xfs.Foundational
• mountThe Linux command that attaches a filesystem on a device or network share to a directory in the file tree.Foundational
• Mount PointAn existing directory where a filesystem is attached so its contents become accessible at that path.Foundational
• Multichassis Link Aggregation (MC-LAG)A technique that lets a device bundle links to two separate switches as one LAG, as in Juniper MC-LAG or Cisco vPC.Advanced
• Multipath I/O (MPIO)Using multiple physical paths between a host and storage for redundancy and load balancing, managed by multipathing software.Intermediate
• N+1 RedundancyA design providing one more component than needed to carry the load, so any single unit can fail or be maintained without impact.Foundational
• N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV)A Fibre Channel feature allowing a single physical HBA port to register multiple virtual WWPNs and FC IDs with the fabric.Advanced
• Nested RAIDRAID levels combining two schemes, such as RAID 50 (striped RAID 5 sets) or RAID 60 (striped RAID 6 sets).Intermediate
• Nested VirtualizationRunning a hypervisor inside a virtual machine so the VM can host its own VMs.Intermediate
• NetApp AggregateIn ONTAP, a collection of RAID groups of physical disks owned by one node, providing storage for volumes.Intermediate
• NetApp ONTAPNetApp's unified storage operating system providing NAS and SAN protocols, snapshots, replication and efficiency features.Intermediate
• Network BondingCombining multiple Linux network interfaces into one logical interface for redundancy or increased throughput.Intermediate
• NetworkManagerThe default Linux network configuration daemon, managed with nmcli, nmtui or GUI tools.Intermediate
• nftablesThe modern Linux netfilter framework and nft command that replace iptables, ip6tables, arptables and ebtables.Advanced
• Nice ValueA Linux process scheduling priority from -20 (highest priority) to 19 (lowest) that influences CPU time allocation.Intermediate
• Non-Persistent DesktopA VDI desktop that reverts to a clean golden image at logoff, with user data and profiles kept separately.Foundational
• Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)A multiprocessor memory architecture in which each CPU socket has local memory that it accesses faster than another socket's memory.Advanced
• Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)A storage protocol designed for flash that connects SSDs over PCIe with deep parallel queues and low latency.Foundational
• ntdsutilA command-line tool for AD database maintenance, FSMO role seizure, metadata cleanup, snapshots and authoritative restore.Advanced
• NTFSThe New Technology File System, the standard journaling filesystem for Windows with permissions, encryption, compression and quotas.Foundational
• NTFS PermissionsFile and folder access controls on NTFS volumes, such as Full Control, Modify, Read and Execute, applying both locally and over the network.Foundational
• Nutanix AHVNutanix's enterprise KVM-based hypervisor included with the Nutanix Cloud Platform.Intermediate
• Nutanix PrismNutanix's management interface, with Prism Element managing a single cluster and Prism Central managing multiple clusters.Intermediate
• NVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF)An extension of NVMe that carries NVMe commands across networks such as RDMA, Fibre Channel or TCP for low-latency shared flash storage.Advanced
• NVMe/TCPAn NVMe-oF transport that runs NVMe over standard TCP/IP Ethernet networks without requiring RDMA or lossless configuration.Advanced
• Octal Permission NotationA numeric representation of Linux permissions where read=4, write=2 and execute=1 are summed per owner, group and others.Foundational
• Omnissa HorizonA VDI and published-apps platform, formerly VMware Horizon, delivering virtual desktops and applications.Intermediate
• Open Virtualization Format (OVF)A DMTF standard for packaging VMs and virtual appliances; OVA is a single-file tar archive of an OVF package.Intermediate
• ParavirtualizationAn approach in which the guest OS uses hypervisor-aware drivers or interfaces instead of emulated hardware, improving performance.Intermediate
• ParityRedundant data calculated, typically with XOR, from data blocks so a lost block can be reconstructed.Foundational
• partedA GNU partition editor that manages MBR and GPT partition tables and can be scripted non-interactively.Intermediate
• Pass-Through Authentication (PTA)A hybrid sign-in method in which Microsoft Entra ID forwards password validation to lightweight on-premises agents that check against AD DS.Intermediate
• Password Hash Synchronization (PHS)A hybrid sign-in method that syncs a hash of the on-premises password hash to Microsoft Entra ID so authentication happens in the cloud.Intermediate
• PATH VariableThe environment variable listing directories the shell searches, in order, for executable commands.Foundational
• PCI PassthroughAssigning an entire physical PCIe device, such as a GPU or NIC, directly to a single VM.Advanced
• PDC EmulatorThe domain-wide FSMO role that is the authoritative time source, receives urgent password changes and processes account lockouts.Intermediate
• Performance MonitorA Windows tool for real-time and logged collection of performance counters for CPU, memory, disk and network.Intermediate
• Persistent DesktopA VDI desktop permanently assigned to one user that retains changes, applications and data between sessions.Foundational
• Physical Volume (PV)In LVM, a disk or partition initialized with pvcreate so it can contribute storage to a volume group.Intermediate
• PipeThe shell | operator that sends one command's standard output to another command's standard input.Foundational
• Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)A modular Linux framework that lets applications authenticate users through configurable stacks of modules.Advanced
• Port GroupA template on a vSphere virtual switch that defines VLAN, security, teaming and traffic-shaping settings for connected VM NICs.Foundational
• POSIX Access Control List (ACL)Extended Linux permissions that grant specific users or groups access to a file beyond the single owner, group and others classes.Advanced
• Power Distribution Unit (PDU)A device that distributes electrical power to equipment in a rack, ranging from basic power strips to metered and switched intelligent units.Foundational
• Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)A data center efficiency metric equal to total facility power divided by IT equipment power; 1.0 is ideal.Foundational
• PowerShellMicrosoft's cross-platform, object-based command shell and scripting language for automating Windows Server and cloud administration.Foundational
• PowerShell RemotingRunning PowerShell commands on remote computers over WinRM (WS-Management) or SSH.Intermediate
• Process ID (PID)A unique number the Linux kernel assigns to each running process.Foundational
• Protected Users GroupAn AD security group whose members get hardened credential protections such as no NTLM, no DES or RC4 Kerberos, and no credential caching.Advanced
• psA Linux command that reports a snapshot of current processes with details such as PID, user, CPU and memory usage.Foundational
• QEMUAn open-source machine emulator and virtualizer that provides device emulation for KVM virtual machines.Intermediate
• Queue DepthThe number of outstanding I/O requests that can be pending to a storage device or path at one time.Advanced
• Rack UnitThe standard unit of vertical height for rack-mounted equipment, equal to 1.75 inches (44.45 mm).Foundational
• RAID 0Disk striping across two or more drives for maximum performance and capacity with no redundancy.Foundational
• RAID 1Disk mirroring, writing identical data to two drives so the array survives one drive failure.Foundational
• RAID 10A nested level that stripes data across mirrored pairs, combining RAID 1 redundancy with RAID 0 performance.Foundational
• RAID 5Striping with distributed single parity across three or more drives, tolerating one drive failure.Foundational
• RAID 6Striping with dual distributed parity across four or more drives, tolerating two simultaneous drive failures.Foundational
• RAID RebuildThe process of reconstructing a failed drive's data onto a replacement or spare from mirror copies or parity.Intermediate
• RD GatewayAn RDS role service that tunnels Remote Desktop Protocol traffic over HTTPS so external users connect without a VPN.Intermediate
• RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE)A protocol that runs RDMA over Ethernet; RoCEv2 is routable over UDP/IP and typically requires lossless or congestion-managed Ethernet.Advanced
• Read-Only Domain Controller (RODC)A domain controller holding a read-only copy of the AD database, designed for branch offices with weak physical security.Intermediate
• RedfishA DMTF standard RESTful API using HTTPS and JSON for modern, secure, scalable out-of-band server management.Intermediate
• RedirectionShell syntax that sends a command's input or output to or from files instead of the terminal.Foundational
• Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID)A technique combining multiple drives into one logical unit for performance, redundancy or both, using striping, mirroring or parity.Foundational
• Redundant Power SupplyTwo or more power supply units in a server, each able to carry the load alone so one can fail without downtime.Foundational
• Registered DIMM (RDIMM)A server memory module with a register that buffers address and command signals, enabling more modules per channel.Intermediate
• Remote Desktop Services (RDS)The Windows Server role set that delivers session-based desktops, virtual desktops and RemoteApp programs to users.Intermediate
• Remote Desktop Session Host (RDSH)An RDS role service that lets multiple users run sessions simultaneously on one Windows Server, delivering session-based desktops or RemoteApps.Intermediate
• Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)A networking capability that lets one computer read or write another's memory directly, bypassing the CPU and OS kernel for low latency.Advanced
• ReservationA guaranteed minimum amount of CPU (MHz) or memory (MB) allocated to a VM or resource pool, alongside shares and limits.Intermediate
• Resilient File System (ReFS)A Microsoft filesystem designed for data integrity and scale, using checksums and integration with Storage Spaces for automatic repair.Intermediate
• Resource PoolA logical abstraction in vSphere that groups CPU and memory resources and applies shares, reservations and limits to its VMs.Intermediate
• Restore TestingRegularly verifying that backups can actually be restored and meet recovery objectives.Foundational
• restoreconAn SELinux command that resets file security contexts to the defaults defined in policy.Advanced
• RID MasterThe domain-wide FSMO role that allocates pools of relative IDs (RIDs) to DCs for building unique security identifiers.Intermediate
• Root AccountThe Linux superuser account with UID 0 that bypasses normal permission checks.Foundational
• Root DirectoryThe top-level directory of the Linux filesystem tree, written as a single forward slash (/), from which every other path descends.Foundational
• RPM Package ManagerThe low-level package format and tool used by Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE and related Linux distributions.Foundational
• rsyncA Linux file synchronization tool that efficiently copies only changed data, locally or over SSH.Intermediate
• rsyslogA widely used Linux syslog daemon that writes log messages to files and can forward them to remote log servers.Intermediate
• RunlevelA legacy SysV init operating mode (0-6) defining which services run; replaced by systemd targets on modern Linux.Foundational
• sarThe System Activity Reporter, a sysstat tool that collects and reports historical CPU, memory, disk and network performance data.Intermediate
• Schema MasterThe forest-wide FSMO role that controls all updates and modifications to the Active Directory schema.Intermediate
• Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux)A Linux kernel mandatory access control system that confines processes using security labels and policy.Intermediate
• sedThe Linux stream editor that transforms text non-interactively, most often for search-and-replace.Intermediate
• SELinux BooleanAn on/off SELinux policy switch that enables optional behaviors without writing custom policy.Advanced
• SELinux ContextThe security label (user:role:type:level) attached to every file, process and port that SELinux uses for access decisions.Advanced
• SELinux ModesThe three SELinux operating states: enforcing (blocks and logs), permissive (logs only) and disabled.Intermediate
• semanageThe SELinux policy management tool for persistently configuring file contexts, port labels, booleans and user mappings.Advanced
• Serial ATA (SATA)A common serial interface for hard drives and SSDs, with a 6 Gb/s maximum in SATA III, used in desktops and lower-tier servers.Foundational
• Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)A point-to-point serial interface for enterprise drives, offering dual-porting, higher reliability and compatibility with SATA drives.Foundational
• Server CoreA minimal Windows Server installation option without the desktop GUI, managed remotely or from the command line.Foundational
• Server ManagerThe built-in Windows Server console for adding roles and features and monitoring local and remote servers.Foundational
• Service Principal Name (SPN)A unique identifier registered in AD that maps a service instance to the account it runs under for Kerberos authentication.Advanced
• Service ProfileA Cisco UCS software definition of a server's identity and configuration, such as MACs, WWNs, UUID, firmware, BIOS and boot policy.Advanced
• Set Group ID (SGID)A special permission that runs a file with its group's privileges, or makes new files in a directory inherit the directory's group.Intermediate
• Set User ID (SUID)A special permission that makes an executable run with the privileges of the file's owner rather than the user running it.Intermediate
• Share PermissionsPermissions on an SMB shared folder (Full Control, Change, Read) that apply only when accessed over the network.Foundational
• ShebangThe #! line at the top of a script that specifies which interpreter should execute it.Foundational
• Shell ScriptA text file containing shell commands and control logic executed in sequence to automate administrative tasks.Intermediate
• Shielded VMA Hyper-V Generation 2 VM protected by encryption and a Host Guardian Service so only authorized hosts can run it.Advanced
• Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT)A CPU feature that lets each physical core run two hardware threads, presenting more logical processors to the OS.Intermediate
• Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)A PCIe standard that lets one physical device present multiple virtual functions directly to VMs, bypassing the hypervisor switch.Advanced
• SnapMirrorNetApp's replication technology that copies Snapshot-based volume data between ONTAP systems for disaster recovery or backup.Advanced
• Software RAIDRAID implemented by the operating system rather than a dedicated controller, such as Linux mdadm or Windows Storage Spaces.Intermediate
• Software RepositoryA server-hosted collection of signed software packages and metadata from which package managers install and update software.Foundational
• Software-Defined Storage (SDS)Storage in which management and data services run as software on commodity hardware, decoupled from proprietary arrays.Intermediate
• Spine-Leaf ArchitectureA two-tier data center network topology in which every leaf switch connects to every spine switch, giving predictable, equal-cost paths.Foundational
• ssA Linux socket statistics command that shows listening ports and connections, replacing netstat.Foundational
• SSH Key-Based AuthenticationLogging in to SSH servers with a public/private key pair instead of a password.Intermediate
• Standard StreamsThe three default data channels of a Linux process: standard input (0), standard output (1) and standard error (2).Foundational
• Sticky BitA directory permission that allows only a file's owner, the directory owner or root to delete or rename files within it.Intermediate
• Storage LatencyThe time taken to complete a single storage I/O request, usually measured in milliseconds or microseconds.Intermediate
• Storage ReplicaA Windows Server feature that replicates volumes at the block level between servers or clusters, synchronously or asynchronously.Advanced
• Storage SnapshotA point-in-time, typically space-efficient image of a volume, created using copy-on-write or redirect-on-write.Intermediate
• Storage SpacesA Windows feature that pools physical disks and creates virtual disks with mirror or parity resiliency.Intermediate
• Storage Spaces Direct (S2D)Windows Server Datacenter software-defined storage that pools local drives across cluster nodes into highly available volumes.Advanced
• Storage TieringAutomatically placing data on different classes of media, such as NVMe, SSD, HDD or cloud, based on access frequency and policy.Intermediate
• Storage Virtual Machine (SVM)In NetApp ONTAP, a secure logical storage server (formerly Vserver) that owns volumes and network interfaces and serves data to clients.Intermediate
• Storage vMotionA VMware feature that migrates a running VM's disk files between datastores without downtime.Intermediate
• StratisA Red Hat local storage management solution that builds pools and thin-provisioned XFS filesystems on top of block devices.Advanced
• StripingSplitting data into blocks written sequentially across multiple drives so they can be accessed in parallel.Foundational
• suThe Linux substitute-user command that starts a shell as another user, root by default.Foundational
• sudoA Linux command that lets permitted users run commands as root or another user, with logging and fine-grained policy.Foundational
• Swap SpaceDisk space used as overflow for physical RAM, where the kernel moves inactive memory pages when memory is under pressure.Foundational
• Symbolic Link (symlink)A special file that contains a path to another file or directory, acting as a shortcut that can cross filesystems.Foundational
• Synthetic Full BackupA full backup assembled on the backup server from an earlier full and subsequent incrementals, without re-reading production data.Intermediate
• sysctlA Linux command and configuration mechanism for reading and setting kernel parameters at runtime.Intermediate
• SysprepThe Microsoft System Preparation tool that generalizes a Windows installation by removing machine-specific data before imaging.Intermediate
• System Center Virtual Machine Manager (SCVMM)Microsoft's data center management tool for Hyper-V hosts, clusters, VM templates, networks and storage at scale.Intermediate
• systemctlThe command-line tool for controlling systemd units and inspecting system state.Foundational
• systemdThe default Linux init system and service manager that runs as PID 1 and starts, stops and supervises services and other units.Foundational
• systemd TargetA systemd unit that groups other units to define a system state, replacing SysV runlevels.Intermediate
• systemd TimerA systemd unit that activates another unit on a calendar schedule or after a time interval, as an alternative to cron.Intermediate
• systemd Unit FileA configuration file describing a systemd-managed resource, such as a .service, .socket, .timer, .mount or .target unit.Intermediate
• SYSVOLA shared folder on every domain controller that stores Group Policy templates and logon scripts and replicates between DCs.Intermediate
• tarThe Linux tape archive utility that bundles files and directories into a single archive, optionally compressed.Foundational
• Thick ProvisioningAllocating the full storage capacity for a volume or virtual disk at creation time.Intermediate
• Thin ProvisioningAllocating storage capacity on demand as data is written rather than reserving the full size upfront.Foundational
• TIA-942The ANSI/TIA-942 telecommunications infrastructure standard for data centers covering cabling, spaces, redundancy and site design.Advanced
• tmpfsA Linux filesystem that stores files in virtual memory (RAM and swap), so its contents vanish at reboot.Intermediate
• topAn interactive Linux utility that continuously displays processes, CPU, memory and load average.Foundational
• Top-of-Rack Switching (ToR)A cabling design in which one or two access switches mounted in each rack connect that rack's servers with short cables.Foundational
• Trust RelationshipA link between AD domains or forests that lets users in one be authenticated for resources in another.Advanced
• tunedA Linux daemon that applies performance profiles tuning CPU, disk and network settings for a workload.Intermediate
• Type 1 HypervisorA bare-metal hypervisor that runs directly on server hardware without a general-purpose host operating system.Foundational
• Type 2 HypervisorA hosted hypervisor that runs as an application on top of a conventional operating system.Foundational
• UCS Identity PoolsCisco UCS pools of MAC addresses, WWNNs, WWPNs, UUIDs and IPs from which service profiles draw server identities.Advanced
• ulimitA shell built-in that views or sets per-process resource limits such as open files and processes.Intermediate
• umaskA per-process mask that removes permission bits from the defaults when new files and directories are created.Intermediate
• Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)Modern system firmware that replaces legacy BIOS, supporting GPT boot disks, Secure Boot and a pre-boot environment.Foundational
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)A device that provides immediate battery-backed power during utility outages and conditions power for connected equipment.Foundational
• Uptime Institute Tier ClassificationThe Uptime Institute's four-level data center standard (Tier I to IV) rating infrastructure redundancy, maintainability and fault tolerance.Intermediate
• useraddThe low-level Linux command that creates a local user account and optionally its home directory.Foundational
• usermodThe Linux command that modifies an existing user account, such as groups, shell, home or lock status.Foundational
• VimA ubiquitous modal text editor on Linux, an improved version of vi, used for editing configuration files.Foundational
• virshThe libvirt command-line tool for managing KVM virtual machines, networks and storage pools.Intermediate
• Virtual CPU (vCPU)A virtual processor presented to a VM, scheduled by the hypervisor onto physical cores or threads.Intermediate
• Virtual Data Optimizer (VDO)A Linux device-mapper layer providing inline deduplication, compression and thin provisioning for block storage.Advanced
• Virtual Delivery Agent (VDA)The Citrix agent installed on each machine that delivers desktops or applications and registers with Delivery Controllers.Intermediate
• Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)Hosting desktop operating systems in VMs in the data center or cloud and delivering them to users over a remote display protocol.Foundational
• Virtual GPU (vGPU)Technology that shares a physical GPU among multiple VMs with time-sliced or partitioned profiles, such as NVIDIA vGPU.Advanced
• Virtual Hard Disk v2 (VHDX)The Hyper-V virtual disk format supporting up to 64 TB, corruption resilience and 4 KB sector alignment.Intermediate
• Virtual Machine (VM)A software-defined computer with virtual hardware that runs its own operating system on top of a hypervisor.Foundational
• Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK)The VMware virtual disk file format storing a VM's disk contents on a datastore.Foundational
• Virtual Machine SnapshotA point-in-time capture of a VM's disk state, and optionally memory, used for short-term rollback.Foundational
• Virtual Port Channel (vPC)A Cisco Nexus feature that lets a downstream device form one port channel to two separate Nexus switches, which act as a single logical peer.Intermediate
• Virtual Storage Area Network (VSAN)A Cisco MDS and Nexus feature that partitions a physical Fibre Channel fabric into isolated logical fabrics, each with its own services.Advanced
• VM TemplateA master copy of a configured VM used to deploy consistent new VMs quickly.Foundational
• VMkernel AdapterA virtual network interface on an ESXi host used for host services such as management, vMotion, storage, vSAN and FT traffic.Intermediate
• vMotionVMware's live migration feature that moves a running VM between ESXi hosts without downtime.Foundational
• vmstatA Linux command reporting virtual memory, process, CPU, paging and I/O statistics at intervals.Intermediate
• VMware Cloud Foundation (VCF)VMware's full-stack private cloud platform integrating vSphere, vSAN, NSX and lifecycle and operations management.Intermediate
• VMware ESXiVMware's Type 1 bare-metal hypervisor, the foundation of VMware vSphere and VMware Cloud Foundation.Foundational
• VMware NSXVMware's network virtualization and security platform providing overlay networking, distributed routing and distributed firewalling.Advanced
• VMware ToolsA suite of drivers and services installed in VMware guest operating systems to improve performance and enable host integration.Foundational
• VMware vCenter ServerThe centralized management server for VMware vSphere that manages ESXi hosts, clusters, VMs and advanced features.Foundational
• VMware Virtual Machine File System (VMFS)VMware's clustered filesystem that lets multiple ESXi hosts concurrently access shared block storage datastores.Intermediate
• VMware vSANVMware's software-defined, hyperconverged storage that pools local disks in ESXi hosts into a shared distributed datastore.Intermediate
• VMware vSphereVMware's server virtualization platform comprising ESXi hosts and vCenter Server with features such as vMotion, HA and DRS.Foundational
• Volume Group (VG)In LVM, a pool of storage built from one or more physical volumes from which logical volumes are allocated.Intermediate
• Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS)A Windows framework that coordinates requesters, writers and providers to create consistent point-in-time shadow copies of volumes.Intermediate
• vPC Peer LinkThe port channel between two vPC peer switches that synchronizes state and carries traffic for orphan ports and flooding.Advanced
• vSphere Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS)A vSphere cluster feature that balances VM workloads across hosts using vMotion and places VMs at power-on.Intermediate
• vSphere Distributed Switch (VDS)A virtual switch managed centrally in vCenter that spans multiple ESXi hosts with consistent configuration.Intermediate
• vSphere Fault Tolerance (FT)A vSphere feature that keeps a live secondary copy of a VM on another host for zero-downtime failover.Advanced
• vSphere High Availability (vSphere HA)A cluster feature that automatically restarts VMs on surviving ESXi hosts after a host failure.Intermediate
• vSphere Lifecycle Manager (vLCM)The vSphere tool that manages ESXi host patching, upgrades and firmware using cluster images or baselines.Intermediate
• vSphere Standard Switch (VSS)A virtual switch configured individually on each ESXi host that connects VMs and VMkernel adapters to physical uplinks.Foundational
• VXLAN BGP EVPNA data center fabric design using VXLAN as the data plane and BGP EVPN as the control plane to distribute MAC and IP reachability.Advanced
• VXLAN Tunnel Endpoint (VTEP)The device or function that encapsulates and decapsulates Layer 2 frames into VXLAN UDP packets at the edge of an overlay.Intermediate
• Windows Admin Center (WAC)A browser-based Microsoft management tool for Windows Server, clusters, Hyper-V and hybrid Azure services.Intermediate
• Windows Local Administrator Password Solution (LAPS)A Microsoft feature that randomizes and rotates each computer's local administrator password and stores it securely in AD or Entra ID.Intermediate
• Windows RegistryThe hierarchical database storing configuration for Windows, its services, hardware and applications.Foundational
• Windows Server EditionsThe licensing editions of Windows Server, chiefly Standard and Datacenter, differing in virtualization rights and advanced features.Foundational
• Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)An on-premises Windows Server role for approving and distributing Microsoft updates to managed computers.Intermediate
• World Wide Name (WWN)A 64-bit globally unique identifier assigned to Fibre Channel devices, with node (WWNN) and port (WWPN) variants.Intermediate
• Write-Back CacheA caching mode where writes are acknowledged once stored in cache, then flushed to disk later, improving write performance.Intermediate
• XFSA high-performance 64-bit journaling filesystem and the default filesystem in Red Hat Enterprise Linux.Intermediate
• ZFSA combined filesystem and volume manager offering pooled storage, copy-on-write, end-to-end checksums, snapshots and software RAID-Z.Advanced
• Zombie ProcessA process that has exited but whose entry remains in the process table because its parent has not collected its exit status.Intermediate