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Systems & Data Center · Intermediate

Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS)

A storage performance metric counting how many read and write operations a device or system completes each second.

Definition

IOPS depends on block size, read/write mix, randomness and queue depth, so it must be quoted with workload details. HDDs deliver roughly 75 to 200 IOPS, while NVMe SSDs can exceed hundreds of thousands.

Example

A 70/30 read/write 8K random workload test reports 250,000 IOPS on an all-flash array.

Exam tip

IOPS alone is meaningless without block size and latency; throughput equals IOPS times block size.

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