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Project Management & Agile · Foundational

Tuckman Ladder

Model of team development stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.

Definition

Bruce Tuckman's model (1965, with adjourning added in 1977) describes how teams move from orientation through conflict to cohesion and high performance, then disband. Teams can regress when membership changes.

Example

A new member joins and the team falls back into storming.

Exam tip

Storming involves conflict; the PM should coach, not avoid it.

Related terms