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Security Fundamentals & Crypto · Advanced

Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP)

Protocol in which one party proves a statement is true without revealing any information beyond its truth.

Definition

A ZKP must be complete, sound, and zero-knowledge. It allows authentication or verification without exposing secrets, such as proving age without revealing a birthdate. ZKPs are used in privacy-preserving credentials, blockchain scaling, and password-authenticated key exchange.

Example

A digital identity wallet proves its holder is over 18 without sharing the actual date of birth.

Exam tip

ZKP proves knowledge of a secret without disclosing the secret.

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