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Security Fundamentals & Crypto · Foundational

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Encrypted tunnel that securely connects remote users or sites across an untrusted network.

Definition

Remote-access VPNs connect individual users to an organization's network, while site-to-site VPNs connect entire networks. Common technologies include IPsec, TLS-based (SSL) VPNs, and WireGuard. Traditional VPNs grant broad network access once connected, which zero trust approaches seek to replace with per-application access.

Example

Employees use the GlobalProtect client to establish a TLS/IPsec tunnel to corporate headquarters.

Exam tip

Site-to-site connects networks; remote access connects users. VPNs protect data in transit.

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