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Security Fundamentals & Crypto · Foundational

Smart Card

Credit-card-sized card with an embedded chip that securely stores certificates and private keys for authentication.

Definition

Smart cards perform cryptographic operations on the card so private keys never leave it. Combined with a PIN they provide two-factor, phishing-resistant authentication. They are used for Windows smart card logon, physical access, digital signatures, and government PIV/CAC credentials.

Example

A user inserts a smart card into a reader and enters a PIN to sign in to a domain-joined workstation.

Exam tip

Smart card + PIN = possession + knowledge, and it is phishing-resistant.

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